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Home Education , FEATURES

Posted by Chester Morton / Thursday, 22 February 2018 / No comments

Time to shoo away examination phobia

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<img alt="School Draw Drawing Education Pencil Learn" src="https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2017/01/12/10/40/school-1974369__340.jpg" /><br />
<b>TIME
TO SHOO AWAY EXAMINATION PHOBIA</b></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><i>By Divine Sewornu Dzokoto<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In the first week of April, 2018, the
annual West African Secondary School Certificate Examination (W.A.S.S.C.E.) will
commence across English-speaking West Africa, currently including Nigeria,
Ghana, Liberia, Sierra Leone and the Gambia. Some candidates are already set for
the examination and would be comfortable to start this very day. Others would
have been well prepared by the day of their first paper. Others would not have
been fully prepared while the large chunks of them would be woefully
unprepared.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>No matter the levels of
preparation of these candidates, they are going to sit for the same
examination. This can cause some of them to develop fear for the examination. This
write-up shall highlight some of the symptoms of the fear for examination, what
causes it and suggest ways in which this can be dealt with by candidates,
teachers and parents.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In order to understand what the fear
of examination is, we need to know what the W.A.S.S.C.E. itself is. W.A.S.S.C.E.
can be defined as a way of assessing what the candidate has studied and learned
over the three years of secondary school education. The West African Examinations
Council, for example, evaluates how well the students have learnt and how much
they have grasped what they learned. The fear of examination, on the other
hand, is the anxiety some of the candidates experience before the onset of, or
during the examination.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Come April this year, some candidates
are going to walk into the examination hall, believing (and rightly so) that
their entire life is dependent on how well they perform. This can be very
stressful and can drive the calmness of spirit away. In the last examination
organized by W.A.E.C., a candidate confided in this writer, how he felt in the
days leading to the examination. Anytime he thought about the examination, he
felt sweaty, nervous and greatly upset. Sometimes, his heart paced faster than
was usual and sometimes, he felt like crying. What this candidate felt was just
some of the symptoms of the fear of exams which is also called testophobia.
These are not however the only symptoms of testophobia, sometimes the
individual may feel nauseous and possibly lightheaded. In severe cases, the
candidate may experience memory blankness and feel like visiting the washroom
frequently. Some experience insomnia and others feel not like eating at all.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Some schools of taught are of the view
that the fear of exams is experienced only by those who are inadequately
prepared for the examination. However, studies have shown that even those who are
adequately prepared for the examinations also face the same challenge. What
then causes the fear of examinations? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><i>Pressure
from parents, teachers and school authorities<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Some parents are the major causes of putting
the fear of examinations in their children. Parents constantly remind their
children of the need for them to pass their papers. Some even go further to
threaten their wards with what will happen to them if they do fail the exams.
Parents expect good grades and that is all, ordinarily no one should blame
them, after all, they just want the best for their children. Though they cannot
be blamed for expecting much from their wards, studies show that such high expectations
put so much pressure on the candidates and can cause them to develop the fear
for the impending examinations. In some cases, the pressure is from the school
authorities and teachers. Standards have to be maintained to keep the school
among the top notch in the table of best schools. In extreme cases, final year
students who are assessed to be unequal to the task are not registered for the
examination at all. Their parents are advised to let their wards write the
paper the following year. Some teachers expect nothing less from, especially,
students that they have identified as “A” materials. Such pressures can be detrimental
to the candidates.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><i>Personal
pressure<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In some cases, the candidate
him/herself expects to do very well in the examination. Some want to obtain
straight “A”s in the examination and anything short of this, they consider as
a failure. This can also put undue pressure on the candidate and cause him/her
to develop the fear of examinations. Some of the candidates fear that they may
not be able to do as well as their colleagues, especially, those perceived to
be better academically. Some candidates look at the performance of their elder
siblings who may have done well in previous examination and may want to do
better or wander whether they can do better or not. This can also put undue
personal pressure on the candidate. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><i>Low
self-esteem<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It has been noted that some students
have a very low esteem of themselves. Constantly, they think of themselves, not
as good as others. In their estimation, other students are better than them.
This also brings a lot of pressure on them, leading to the fear of examinations.
Low self-esteem can be the result of many factors, many of which are avoidable.
Parents who are too critical of their children, negligent in identifying
children’s good efforts and positively reinforcing them, or needlessly being
harsh in correcting wrong doing; unhappy childhood, negative peers either at
school or in the neighborhood, and <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a>previous bad choices
made by the youth. Other causes include traumatic experiences in the past, and
persistently unrealistic goals set either by the youth or the parents.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span><span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><i>Re-writing
an examination<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">There are several of the candidates
who have sat for the W.A.S.S.C.E. examination in the past and did not do well. They
failed miserably. The fear that they could fail again also adds to the pressure
and can cause them to experience examination fear.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><i>Fear
of scolding<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Some candidates fear the scolding that
they would receive from their parents or guardians when they fail the
examination. This is especially so if they had earlier been scolded for failing
a terminal or major examination. The particular words that were used on them
may be resonating in their minds. This can trigger testophobia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><i>Unpreparedness</i><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Whenever a candidate is not adequately
prepared for the examination, there is the danger that he/she may develop
testophobia. The fear that he/she may not be able to tackle the questions for
lack of preparation can cause fear and panic. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b>DO
THE CAUSES LISTED ABOUT AFFECT THE CANDIDATES? <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Statistics in English-speaking West
Africa are either scanty or unavailable. The Times of India (TOI) Report of
March, 2008 indicated that 5,857 students committed suicide as a result of
examination stress. Again in India, a survey of 740 colleges, conducted by the
Tata Institute of Data Studies (TISS) in 2010 concluded that, one third of the
students who were surveyed experienced testophobia. Looking at the myriad of
problems that bedevil the western form of education in West Africa, there can
be no doubt that the phenomenon of testophobia exists in the sub-region. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The greatest danger a candidate can
face when he/she exhibits the symptoms of the fear of examination, as explained
above is a possible failure when the final results are released by the West
African Examinations Council. No parent would want to hear this because it is
bad news.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The fear of examinations has led many
candidates to adopt unorthodox methods to pass their exams. Such unorthodox
methods include, but are not limited to buying the question papers and knowing
what the exam paper contains before the day of the examination, taking solved
questions into the examination hall, copying in the exam hall, exchanging
answer sheets with fellow candidates, impersonation and other very ingenious
ways in the wake of the handheld gadgets and technologies of today.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Most parents from the middle and upper
class of the countries involved may have been guilty of applying much pressure
on their wards to come out with flying colours. Could it however be that they
may have applied too much pressure? Could their wards be experiencing
examination related stress, as we peruse this write up without reporting to the
parents for fear of the backlash they may receive?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b>ARE
THERE REMEDIES?<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><i>Prepare
well in advance for the examination<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">One of the ways to remedy the fear for
examinations is to prepare well in advance. Preparing in advance, though does
not guarantee immunity against testophobia, gives the candidate the
confidence that he/she can tackle the questions that may come in the exams and
reduce any lingering stress.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><i>Avoid
mugging up (chew and pour)</i><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Candidates must be advised not to mug
up. It is always wiser to understand what the topic is all about instead of
just cramming everything to memory, hoping to pour it out when a question is
asked on it. The danger is that, a little mix up can cause confusion and make
you forget the sequence in which you mugged up.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><i>Close
to exams, avoid new topics<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It is advised that when the paper is
very close, do not attempt to learn new topics, especially if you have not
tackled them at all, previously. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><i>Conversation
with friends<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It would be prudent not to chat with
your friends concerning what they have or may have not studied. If in the
course of the conversation you realized that they have covered more grounds
than you have, it may make you think you are under-prepared for the exam. This
may make you more nervous and tensed that you should be. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><b><i>Personal Time-Table</i><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There
is the need to draw a personal time table. A personal time table helps the
candidate to plan his/her studies. Make sure you allot more time to the
subjects you think you have more difficulties or the ones with the greatest
volume of learning materials. When this personal time table is strictly adhered
to, it is bound to assist in the candidate’s preparation for the exams. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent;"><span style="color: #222222;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent;"><b><i>Attempt previous papers </i></b></span><b style="background-color: transparent;">                                                                                                                 </b><br />
<span style="color: #222222;">The
West African Examinations Council has been in existence for ages and their past
papers are all around. There are textbooks that have dedicated all their pages
to past W.A.E.C. Questions and Answers. It is a well known fact that these past
questions are often repeated in subsequent examinations. Therefore solving past
questions can help a candidate to be adequately prepared for the examination
and prevent the onset of testophobia. You can also find the W.A.E.C. marking
schemes on their website. It tells you how to approach the various questions
that are asked and to tackle them.</span></div>
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<b><i>Try group study</i></b></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
candidate could try studying in a group. When a candidate studies in a group,
he/she is able to determine what is important. It could also help the
individual to identify some of the things he/she had overlooked. This affords
the candidate enough time to remedy any lapses as he/she prepares for the
examination. There is a symbiotic benefit to this approach. While the group
helps the individual to learn and cover more grounds, the individual helps the
other members of the group.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222;"><b>CONCLUSION                                                                                                                                     </b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222;">It
is believed that when the remedies enumerated above are implemented by
candidates, school authorities, teachers and parents, it would reduce the fear
of examination to the barest minimum so that students can enter the examination
hall with much more confidence than was previously mustered.</span></div>
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Time to shoo away examination phobia

TIME TO SHOO AWAY EXAMINATION PHOBIA By Divine Sewornu Dzokoto In the first week of April, 2018, the annual West African Se...

Home Education , FEATURES , slide

Posted by Chester Morton / Tuesday, 23 January 2018 / No comments

English-speaking West African degrees, now to the dogs?

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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTMrA9wpsOVUjnLelMAQclV96Ej0PCzLs3ky5cWY-sqzYDeOQT0wmul33JePle-ZffuSR0zbO_zmunTn-MKwP2xdG6wW3-mgqMVXwwMhRzDQIycToPZL1XrADS7pWpYVoGq2SJeqdsfK7k/s1600/university.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="340" data-original-width="528" height="257" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTMrA9wpsOVUjnLelMAQclV96Ej0PCzLs3ky5cWY-sqzYDeOQT0wmul33JePle-ZffuSR0zbO_zmunTn-MKwP2xdG6wW3-mgqMVXwwMhRzDQIycToPZL1XrADS7pWpYVoGq2SJeqdsfK7k/s400/university.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b><i><span style="border: 1pt none; color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; padding: 0in;">By
Austin Parker</span><span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">A
few decades ago, university education in West Africa was provided mainly by the
governments of the respective countries. As a consequence, access was limited
to the few privileged ones who could make the cut off point, who were really
connected and probably, the children of some staffs of the universities
concerned, through protocol allocations. Today, English-speaking West Africa is
witnessing an unparalleled improvement in access to higher education. Many
universities have been opened and have been accredited to run programmes in
various fields of study.  <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">Another
phenomenon, which has added a new dimension to university education in English-speaking
West Africa, is Private universities. They have trended a path which was
hitherto unknown. Until the entry of private universities, there were no
flexible hours such as organizing lectures in the evenings and during weekends to
cater for workers who might want to further their education but are constrained
by their work schedules. The Public Universities, not wanting to be muzzled out
of the market lived up to the competition by introducing distance learning
degrees and sandwich courses as well.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">These
universities have churned out and continue to churn out graduates into the
streets of the individual countries. The result is that, over the years,
because the respective governments have not been able to adopt policies that
could absorb these graduates, and because the enabling environment was not
created for the private businessmen/women to create more jobs, a lot of the
graduates have remained jobless many years after school. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;"><img alt="Teacher, Education, Educator, Reading" src="https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2018/03/06/01/07/teacher-3202345__340.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">In
the English West African countries where the Private Universities outnumber the
Public Universities, there is a further fear that their proliferation has
diminished the quality in higher education. It is argued that the quest to go
into the provision of private university education is largely fueled by the
desire to make profit. For that simple reason, the motivation for profit
maximization could influence the players in the industry to sacrifice quality
for profit. Therefore, improved access to university education is detrimental
to English-speaking West Africa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">The
protracted civil wars in Liberia and Sierra Leone, is argued to have created a
deep crater in the provision of university education. Even in these countries,
much has gone under the bridge after the war and normalcy has either returned or is
returning. Private Universities have emerged and are also churning out
graduates every year. They even have the added disadvantage of the fact that
the recovery efforts of the succeeding governments after the wars have not
taken them completely out of the woods. So jobs are not readily available for all
graduates that are minted from the universities every year.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">The
fears that are raised above are not completely baseless. There is no way a
rapid change in any sphere of life can be free of issues. The problem of
graduate unemployment in English-speaking West Africa, where thousands upon
thousands of graduates are poured into the streets every year to look for jobs that
are almost non-existent is a huge problem to worry about. Secondly there is a
widely held view that, to a great extent, a country is as good as the
Universities that produce her future leaders. This being so, anyone would want
to question any developments that could throw degrees awarded by universities
in English-speaking West Africa to the dogs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">All
is not however gloom. One of the greatest assets of any nation is its people. Through
education and job training, the aptitude of all of the people can be improved,
and continually refined. We must therefore embrace any opportunity to improve
the human capital of the nations, no matter how negligible.  There is a
lot to gain as a nation in West Africa if the training of our human resource goes
beyond high the school level.  Though this might be just a drop in the
Ocean, we can still argue that the universities, so established, also provide
employment to some sections of the society. This is because, the universities that
are proliferated need both academic and administrative staff to keep them
running. Finally research has shown that the developmental challenges and the
kinds and number of manpower needed in West Africa are very huge. Therefore,
the number of graduates that are produced annually is highly inadequate.  </span><br />
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<span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;"><img alt="Library, La Trobe, Study, Students, Row" src="https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2016/05/18/11/25/library-1400313__340.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">For
all young people who are entering university, a few things are worth noting
however. Yes, the world has grown more competitive. Yes, jobs will not be
waiting to welcome you once you walk out the gates of a university waving a
brand new degree, but when employers go into the labour market; their shopping
lists include certain qualities which they want to see in prospective
hirelings. They look, for example, for people who are proactive and
resourceful, people who have drive, self-reliance, and are willing to learn.
They shop for people with good oral communication and presentation skills, the ability
to prioritize, ability to solve real problems, people who are flexible, loyal
and results oriented. They look closely at people with ICT skills and
knowledge of additional foreign languages (French, Spanish and Chinese, Arabic
among the most relevant). This cuts across all sectors.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;"> As
a student in the university or in the senior secondary school about to enter
the university or aspiring to enter, you need to develop the qualities mentioned
about while you are schooling, especially in the university. When you do this,
your prospects in the job market would not be as bad as people would want you
to believe.  <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">One
of the ways of getting ahead of your peers is to read. When you read you learn
in a matter of days what someone studied and researched and perhaps tested over
several years. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">Do
not throw your hands in the air, when you put your head to it, success is
guaranteed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;"><b>ALSO READ:</b></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17.45pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;"><a href="http://www.virtualkollage.com/2018/01/career-paths-in-the-sciences.html" target="_blank">Career paths in the sciences</a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17.45pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;"><a href="http://www.virtualkollage.com/2018/01/careers-in-a-rapidly-developing-technological-environment.html" target="_blank">Careers in a rapidly developing technological environment</a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17.45pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://www.virtualkollage.com/2018/01/-how-i-passed-my-wassce-as-a-pro.html" target="_blank">How I passed my WASSCE as if I was a pro</a></div>
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English-speaking West African degrees, now to the dogs?

By Austin Parker A few decades ago, university education in West Africa was provided mainly by the governments of the respective count...

Home Education , FEATURES , slide

Posted by Chester Morton / Wednesday, 17 January 2018 / No comments

Careers in a rapidly developing technological environment

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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAMlvT6HhxdNo_ozkQi10Edw9W5LJt25SCuBYx5SofEynnau-4AOMqCIrE1vfanPgiNOiB7iHz3v6g-mjpncZQ2MXFIrcNIQ8-mEO_T-Y8V9Bo0T01RYugybDj9JtUzKkpXXiu2iwYFf9r/s1600/career+three.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="340" data-original-width="799" height="170" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAMlvT6HhxdNo_ozkQi10Edw9W5LJt25SCuBYx5SofEynnau-4AOMqCIrE1vfanPgiNOiB7iHz3v6g-mjpncZQ2MXFIrcNIQ8-mEO_T-Y8V9Bo0T01RYugybDj9JtUzKkpXXiu2iwYFf9r/s400/career+three.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #5e5e5e; font-family: sans-serif, fontawesome, arial, tahoma; font-size: 15px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">CAREERS IN A RAPIDLY DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT</b></div>
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Careers and professions have evolved over the years. Some have changed completely while others have simply added different dimensions. For instance, a large part of what used to be marketing has become Strategic Management. A lot of what we used to call Human Resource Management could find descriptions such as Knowledge Management and so on and so forth.  However, in this piece we want to focus on careers and professions that have emerged relatively recently as a result of rapid developments in technology. </div>
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Here are some of the careers and the secondary school subjects that could get to easily follow them.</div>
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<b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Computer System Analyst<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;"></o:p></b></div>
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People working as computer system analysts work to understand how computers and their system can serve a firm in a specific area. They are responsible for deciding which hardware or software would be appropriate for the organization and working to manage their installation, supervise and report the outcome of these installations to top management. Senior High School Elective Mathematics and Physics, plus either Chemistry or any other related subject would be important. However, candidates who could not go to university should not feel all is lost. Globally Professional Courses such C+, A+, N+ or some combination of these should lead you into this profession.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;"></o:p></div>
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<b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Database Administrator (DBA)<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;"></o:p></b></div>
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These professionals are responsible for organizing, storing mining and managing organization’s information. DBAs would typically work to develop specified database for the firm’s use as well as securing information deemed by the firm as sensitive. DBA is among the fastest growing professions in the world especially for Africa, these professionals would be in very high demand in the foreseeable future.  As with many technology-related professions, Senior High School Mathematics is vital, Physics with any science related electives should be sufficient to gain admission to a degree in this programme.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;"></o:p></div>
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<b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Software Developer<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;"></o:p></b></div>
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Software Developers develop the computer software which makes the hardware work. It is believed that the growth in the smart phone technology sub-sector should create a lot of job opportunities for software engineers. The subject area requires Elective Mathematics and Physics must be among your electives.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;"></o:p></div>
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<b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">IT Manager<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;"></o:p></b></div>
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If you have a problem with your computer in your company, it is the IT manager who should be seen , in other words, in case of any technical hitches, talk to an IT Manager. IT managers are responsible for making sure that the front-line technician get both hardware and software problems quickly resolved. This makes the IT Manager’s work a rather high pressured profession. It often requires a degree in IT Science or a shade of that nature. Your mathematics skill is needed here. Candidates should opt for a SHS maths and sciences. Apart from an academic degree at university other often Microsoft certified professional pathways with easier entry requirement are available for candidates to explore.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;"></o:p></div>
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<b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Computer Systems Administrator<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;"></o:p></b></div>
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The job of a<b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </b>computer systems administrator requires him to facilitate the smooth working of the internet system in the company. The computer System Administrator ensures that data is shared to all computer stations networked to the company’s main server. Both degree and professional pathways are available. Like previous careers in IT, computational skills are needed here. Candidates wishing to pursue this profession should not play with their maths subjects both the core and the electives.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;"></o:p></div>
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<b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Summary<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;"></o:p></b></div>
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In Sum, it is refreshing to note that contrary to the general belief that improvements in technology kills employment, some studies have actually noted that technology rather creates some jobs, generates the need for specialized work fields and modifies other jobs. </div>
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The key to taking advantage of these career goals could simply lie in retraining. This is because, the contest between man and machine has a deep root in history. For instance, in the 1800s, the introduction of the weaving machine into the textile industry saw some agitation about whether these machines were taking jobs from production hands or whether they were just easing out the workloads. Around 2007, retail workers expressed the same worry about the introduction of automatic checkouts. Sooner than later, taxi drivers could have their turn with self-driving cars. </div>
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So clearly, candidates must be abreast with some of these changes as there may be more career opportunities than every job killed.</div>
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Careers in a rapidly developing technological environment

CAREERS IN A RAPIDLY DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT Introduction Careers and professions have evolved over the years. Some hav...

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Career paths in the Sciences

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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><b>CAREER PATHS IN THE SCIENCES</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><b>Introduction</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">For many young people at senior secondary school, choosing a
career can be a wild tour in a labyrinth. Often young people would rather
listen to their peers who appear to be more knowledgeable. The danger with this
is that career choices are not that simple in reality. More often, the best
informed are those who have gone through the mill, made their mistakes and now
can boast of some hindsight benefits. In part, this is so because career
decisions are closely tied with subjects studied at Senior High School and
programmes read at undergraduate level. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Within the West Africa sub-region, the subjects read at the
secondary school level together with grades obtained constitute strong
determining factors in gaining admission to specific programmes in the university.
Schools in the USA, UK and elsewhere offer some flexibility in terms of entry
requirements. In all these, the natural sciences or what is often termed the
general science options (electives), respond to stricter criteria for admission
to undergraduate programmes. In this piece, I will like to take Senior High School
students and prospective entrants through some subjects that support the career
course they desire. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />
<b>Careers in Engineering</b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Let’s begin with careers in engineering with specialization in
areas such as Industrial & Systems Engineering. Civil Engineering &
Construction, Bio & Biomedical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Materials
Science & Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Computer
Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electronics &Embedded Technology, Energy & Power Engineering, Automotive Engineering, General Engineering & Technology, Marine Engineering, Mechatronics, Mining, Oil & Gas, Robotics and similar fields. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<b>University entry requirements</b> </div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In most universities where the programmes mentioned above are
offered, entry requirements would likely include a combination of elective
subjects like elective Mathematics, Physics and either Chemistry, Biology or
Geography depending on the university of choice. This also goes with programme
content in the particular university. For example, where a university, because
of the content of its programme accepts 2 ‘As’ and a ‘B’ in in Mathematics,
Physics and Chemistry, the same university could decide to admit candidates who
did Mathematics, Physics and Biology, Geography or Agricultural Science but only
with nothing short of 3 “As’.  With this
in mind, candidates who are not taking the first choice subjects of the
university department must know that they would have to work extra hard to be
admitted to their programme choice. This said it must be pointed out that where
specialization is done at the Masters level, then it may not matter much which
engineering programme you read at the first degree level as long as the
programme exposes you to sufficient dose of calculus, linear algebra and
engineering computations. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />
<b>Soft engineering</b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">There are also some engineering programmes with less mathematics
content. Let’s call them the soft engineering. They are Transportation Engineering, Environmental Engineering, software Engineering (Except
the programming bit), and Textile Engineering. However, taking chemistry and
physics as subjects at high school will be a good support for careers in these
areas. Besides, most universities in the sub-region will require at least a
very good pass in high school mathematics to be admitted to these
programmes.  <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />
<b>Health Sciences</b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">For health-related professions such as Medicine, Dentistry,
Pharmacy, Veterinary Medicine and Physician Assistantship degrees, Biology,
Health Science and Chemistry are important supporting subjects. Physics and
Elective mathematics are strongly advised. A subject combination including any
of these subjects should be sufficient. However, because these programmes are
highly sought after by usually extremely brilliant students, your best bet will
be to pass with excellent grades to be sure of getting admitted to these
programmes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b>Caution</b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">While this explanation provides broad
directions concerning career decisions and choices, the fact that there are
over 200 universities in West Africa each with its peculiar admission rules
makes these prescriptions anything but a one-measure-fit-all advice. They
however give student a fair idea as to what they should be reading as subject
at high school if they figured out what career pathway they want to choose.  <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><b>ALSO READ:</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="http://www.virtualkollage.com/2018/01/-how-i-passed-my-wassce-as-a-pro.html" target="_blank">How I passed my WASSCE as if I was a pro</a></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.virtualkollage.com/p/list-of-subjects.html" target="_blank">Go to list of subjects>></a></div>
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Career paths in the Sciences

CAREER PATHS IN THE SCIENCES Introduction For many young people at senior secondary school, choosing a career can be a wild tour i...

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How I easily passed my WASSCE, you can do the same.

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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">HOW I PASSED MY WASSCE AS IF I WAS A
PRO<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Back in the day, secondary school education culminated, after
five years, in the writing of a final examination dubbed G.C.E. Ordinary Levels.
This is today called the West African Secondary School Certificate Examination
(WASSCE). One could pass or fail as a result of a plethora of reasons.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I was not a particularly brilliant student in High School. In
fact, I was a slow learner by nature. Coming from a modest home, and having no
special talent in sports, acting or any of the arts (music etc), I knew a lot
about my future was going to depend on obtaining good grades at school. After
all, education for us, at the time, seemed the surest means to bettering our standard of
living. I was not sure then what my career options were.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">As l hinted earlier on, my financial circumstances were such
that buying all pamphlets and textbooks was out of the possibilities. So I knew
I had to be extra careful at how I used my time. Often, as students, we wasted a lot of
time without realizing it. One of my strongest points was that I avoided time
wasting as much as possible. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span>
<b>HOW I DID IT</b><br />
<b style="font-size: 12pt;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Never miss any class if it is within your power to do so</span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">One thing I came to realize then was that, missing classes took me hours back on the subject and gave my mates a leg up on me. Often, students who missed class were left at the mercy of colleagues who thought they understood, to explain to them what
was taught in class or were left completely on their own to figure out how to catch up
with the rest of the class. Paying attention in class, asking questions and
taking notes in my own words opens up my ability to grasp the material far
more easily than what a classmate could teach me if I missed a class. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Improvise based on your peculiar circumstance<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I borrowed from friends, those essential textbooks my parents
could not afford to buy, I either read them very quickly, made notes of vital
portions, or I copied the entire textbook into exercise books. At least, I
could skip lunch a few times to get exercise books. This might sound like time wasting but
when viewed from hind sight, it was not. First of all, those textbooks I
decided to copy out were not very voluminous. Aside that by the time I had
finished copying a particular textbook, I had practically read through the book
once already. This gave me a broad idea of what the various topics were about
and what the learning outcomes were. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Have a personal study plan<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I also had a study plan, a time table of a sort. I arranged
the subjects such that in my private study, I had to study those subjects that
were to be taught the next day. Often I read very thoroughly a given topic,
made sure I understood it perfectly. How did I know I understood? Well I
remember my dad once told me if you could answer 10 questions in high school on
a given topic, then consider that topic well understood. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Prior to reading a topic, I wrote down a few questions. Questions like: what is the topic
about? What definitions must I remember? How different is the topic from the
previous ones or the next topic? Are there names, dates or places to remember?
(Usually for theories or concepts propounded on the topic), are there areas
where the concepts cannot apply? What must one do if it does not apply? What
are the advantages and what are the disadvantages?  Once I had these questions written down, I tried
to answer them as I read the teachers notes first, then the textbook(s) or any supplementary
materials I had borrowed from a friend. In addition, once I came back from classes, I revised all
that was taught that day before going to sleep. This way, I could remember most
of the things I learnt for exams at school long after I left school. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Reading other non-curricula materials<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">I also read a lot of storybooks (novels). Often I read one
novel a week. This novel-reading experience turned out to be more than just
enjoying the stories in their plot. It helped me to improve my English
tremendously. I realized it became vital in answering comprehension, summary
and composition questions. These are areas where general knowledge of the
English language is most necessary. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">You may not be good in all the subjects<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">What of those subjects that I did not have a flare for? It is
true that some are naturally good at quantitative or subjects involving a
considerably good dose of mathematics, while others are good at language(s) and
what we called “reading subjects”. I happen to be better at the reading stuffs,
although not completely nut at figures. I realized I was good at memorizing texts
so I solved algebraic equation, for instance, and wrote the steps to follow in
solving it down in words and memorized it. I now followed up by trying my hands
at solving other equations using the same steps. With time I noticed that what
most students feared about mathematics was nothing to be afraid of. Though a General Arts student, I ended up with a better grade in core mathematics than
some science students. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Style of taking down notes <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Talking about memorizing, a lot of this had to do with how I
took notes when reading. I noticed I was more visual. My notes taking did not
therefore follow the traditional methods of simply writing down salient points.
I used mind maps with the main topic in the middle and sub topics as branches. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Mindmap, Brainstorm, Idea, Innovation" src="https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2017/03/07/13/03/mindmap-2123973__340.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A sample of a mind map </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Under the mind map above, for example, I wrote the main topic in the middle, where the light bulb is, and then a sentence that
summed up every paragraph I read, at the fringes, where the circles are, <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a>for easy recollection.
This made revising more fun. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Conclusion<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">This was the strategy that saw me through. Let me notify,
that what I shared here with readers is not a silver bullet. It is just a
personal approach to studying for high school exams which I adopted under my circumstance. The same strategy could
work for someone. Others might need to devise their own means; but at least it
worked for me. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Note</span></i></b><br />
<b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Austin Packer is currently a Management
Consultant and a Researcher. The Virtual Kollage Team stresses that, this is a
personal experience that may or may not work for you. However, it is believed
that if it worked for this writer, then it could work for thousands of others.
By all means, use this strategy if you want to, but make it yours by modifying where necessary
to suit your personal circumstance.<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></i></b></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">The challenge</span></i></b></div>
<b style="text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Did you use a strategy in secondary school that helped you to
easily pass your WASSCE? Share with Virtual Kollage followers, you might be
helping a brother or sister. </span></i></b><br />
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<b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></i></b></div>
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How I easily passed my WASSCE, you can do the same.

HOW I PASSED MY WASSCE AS IF I WAS A PRO Introduction Back in the day, secondary school education culminated, after five years, ...

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The importance of organizing

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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>RELEVANCE OR
IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIZATION<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><i><b>Definition
of Organizing<o:p></o:p></b></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Organizing
is both a process and function of management. It aims to determine and define
which role each individual in the organization will play towards the attainment
of the firm’s objective. In doing so, the organizing function of management
establishes authority- responsibility relationships among employees; and makes
provision for co-ordination in the company so that the firm is able to function
as a unit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>RELEVANCE OR
IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIZATION <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
relevance of the organization or the importance of organization is often seen
in the roles which the function plays in helping the company to function
properly. Let us discuss some of the roles or advantages of
organizing/organization.  <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><i><b>Organizing/Organization
Facilitates specialization<o:p></o:p></b></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">By assigning
roles to employees and managers alike, organization serves to facilitate
specialization among managers, assistant managers, operators, and
subordinates.  Such assignment of roles
and division of work among individuals leads to specialization of employees in
various areas of the company’s operations and thereby improving efficiency of
workforce in the firm’s functioning. Specialization resulting from division of
labour also enables the firm to be more orderly in its operation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><img alt="People, Business, Adult, Paper, Document" src="https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2018/04/06/11/21/people-3295555__340.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><i><b><br /></b></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><i><b>Organizing/Organization
helps to Avoid omissions, overlapping and duplication of efforts:</b></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">As work is
divided among individual employees and the various departments in the course of
organizing, management takes the pain to ensure that: every aspect of the work
which must be done in order for the firm to attain its objectives is performed;
that there is no duplication of efforts or overlapping of activities among
employees or departments. This helps the company to economize its resources as
it aims to function well.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><i>Organizing/Organization
Defines (or clarifies) authority responsibility relationships<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">When
organizing is taking place within the firm, roles are clarified; authority and
responsibility relationships among managers, employees as well as among the
various departments of the organization are well explained.  Such clarification of authority
responsibility relationships does not only enable the organization to operate
smoothly, it also makes it possible for human relations in the organization to
be promoted by the fact that everybody understands their roles; a situation
which minimizes conflict among workers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><i>Organizing/Organization
Facilitates staffing<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
organization helps the company develop a formal organizational structure. This
helps immensely when staffing the company. By knowing the various company
positions and clearly specifying the duties and the responsibilities which must
be performed by a person occupying that position, it becomes easier to look for
individuals with the qualification, experience and skill set to fill and
function in those positions efficiently.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><img alt="Hurry, Stress, Time Management" src="https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2017/03/05/20/09/hurry-2119711__340.jpg" /> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><i><br /></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><i>Organizing/Organization Provides for
co-ordination<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A
well-organized firm will obviously make coordination among the various heads
and departments easier. This is because proper coordination is more often than
not a by-product of company which is well-organized.  When the structure of the firm is
well-designed and defined, it promotes a thorough co-ordination both
horizontally and vertically; and helps the firm’s managers in managing the
organization's operations more efficiently. 
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><i><b>Organizing/Organisation
Facilitates Management by Exception</b></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Management
by exception is a management philosophy which describes a situation where the
top managers concentrate solely on those matters which are of exceptional
importance or critical such as formulating the company-wide strategy,
formulating organizational policies, controlling variations or deviation in
company performance; especially those resulting from non-performance by
personnel; and leaving those tasks which are routine and operational matters to
subordinates in the firm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A system of
management by exception cannot be implemented in a company except the company
is well-organised. As a matter of fact, management by exception represents the
highest state of decentralization of authority in a well-structured
organization.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Other
advantages of organizing/organization include: helping in establishing channels
of communication; making it possible for the firm to easily cope with
environmental changes; and promoting growth of the organization.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: #424142; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>ALSO READ:</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #424142; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://www.virtualkollage.com/2017/12/-the-operational-principles-of-organization.html" target="_blank">The operational principles of organization</a></span><br />
<a href="http://www.virtualkollage.com/2017/12/span-of-control-what-it-is.html" target="_blank">Span of control - what it is</a></div>
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The importance of organizing

RELEVANCE OR IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIZATION Definition of Organizing Organizing is both a process and function of management. It...

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Posted by Chester Morton / Thursday, 21 December 2017 / No comments

The operational principles of organization

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<b><span style="color: #424142; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">OPERATIONAL PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZATION<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="color: #424142; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Operational principles of
organization describe the principles which concerns how the organization is
run. The principles which can be
classified as operational principles are as follows: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #424142; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The Principle of adequate
delegation</span></b><span style="color: #424142; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #424142; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The principle of adequate
delegation means that each manager or assistant manager must be given enough
authority for him or her to be able to cope with the demand of his position and
successfully deliver the outcome that is expected of him. This is because where
the authority given to a manager is not enough for him to successfully cope
with the requirements of his job that manager would likely be ineffective. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #424142; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> The Scalar chain principle</span></b><span style="color: #424142; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #424142; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Scalar chain principle implies
that there should a command structure from the highest to the lowest authority.
This principle is what forms the basis of the relationship between authority
and responsibility among managers and their subordinates in the firm. The
scalar chain principle if well understood and implemented helps to promote
coordination and harmony among superiors and subordinates in the organization. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #424142; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">To ensure that the firm’s
operations run smoothly, the scalar chain principle must be woven into the
design of the company’s structure.  <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #424142; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> The Principle of unity of command</span></b><span style="color: #424142; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #424142; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The principle of unity of
command states that in order for the firm’s operations to be efficient, an
employee must take orders or instructions from only one superior at any given
time. It is important to observe this principle because it helps employees
avoid being confused about their role and duties in the firm. When employees
are clear about their role and duties, the whole firm benefits from their
operational efficiency.  <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #424142; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The Principle of
Authority-level or the Authority-level principle</span></b><span style="color: #424142; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #424142; font-family: "georgia" , serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">The authority-level
principle means that every manager at a given level in the firm’s management
hierarchy should concern themselves with, and make decisions regarding only
those issues which fall within the boundaries of the authority assigned to the
management position which they occupy. Alternatively, if a manager at any level
is faced with a problem or a decision which is not part of the duties or
responsibilities falling under the authority of the position (s)he is occupying,
then the matter should be referred (escalated) upward to the manager above him
or refer the problem downward to the manager below him for a decision to be
taken on the issue. </span><br />
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<span style="color: #424142; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>ALSO READ:</b></span><br />
<span style="color: #424142; font-family: "georgia" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="http://www.virtualkollage.com/2017/12/span-of-control-what-it-is.html" target="_blank">Span of control, what it is</a></span><br />
<br /></div>
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<a href="http://www.virtualkollage.com/p/business.html" target="_blank">Go to other topics in Business Management>></a><br />
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The operational principles of organization

OPERATIONAL PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZATION Operational principles of organization describe the principles which concerns how the organiz...

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Posted by Chester Morton / Wednesday, 20 December 2017 / No comments

Span of control, what it is.

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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">UNDERSTANDING THE PRINCIPLE-SPAN
OF MANAGEMENT OR SPAN OF CONTROL </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Span of control is very important in determining how
effective or otherwise a manager would be in his supervisory duties. It will be
useful for us to take a look at some observations within the context of span of
management or span of control. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><i><b>A limit to a manager's effectiveness</b></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -0.25in;">The
first to understand about the concept of span of control is that, there is a
limit to how effective a manager would be. However, there is no limit to how
inefficient or ineffective a manager can ever be. Hence the principle of span
of management would apply only when we are talking about effective management.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">As an example let’s look at the number of high school students in one classroom. Ideally, there must be a limit to the number of students
admitted into one classroom. This is because no matter how good the teacher is,
it would be impossible for him to effectively teach an indefinite number of
students lumped into one classroom. The teacher would be limited by issues such as the  noise level, inability to give quality
attention to each student, providing special supervision to students with
specific difficulty in understanding the subject, and monitoring the progress
of each student. It would be difficult for the teacher to effectively teach a classroom with an
indefinite number of students, regardless of how good the teacher may be.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Let us compare the classroom example to a public speaker who
is able to address hundreds of thousands of people in a gigantic stadium. In this
case, because it doesn’t matter so much whether or not the message of the
speaker is well delivered or whether the audience can remember what the speaker
said after they have left the gathering or not and so on…, we cannot apply the
principle of span of management. This is because unless in extreme cases no one
is coming back to examine the audience in a stadium whether they understood
what the speaker said or not. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">This means that we can only apply the principle of span of
control to those situations where we expect the manager (in these cases
the class teacher) to be effective for obvious reasons. In the company some of
these reasons could be the need to grow the company’s profit, increase sales,
improve product quality or outsell our competitors.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i>Span of control is situational</i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">Secondly,
whenever we talk about span of management or span of control, we are thinking
of which number of subordinates a manager should have under his immediate
control or supervision for him to be efficient in managing them an producing
the best results. Obviously, this is difficult to tell because a manager may be effective in managing say 10 subordinates in one situation but can only manage
say four in another situation. This is why we say that the principle of span of
control is </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">situational</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">. In other
words, there are no hard and fast numbers of subordinates which can produce
optimum results, if placed under one manger’s control in every situation. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Much depends on how competent the manager is; the skill and
expertise of the sub managers placed under him; and the particular situation in
which the firm finds itself.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -0.25in;"><i><b>Organizational structure</b></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; text-indent: -0.25in;">The
third thing to note about the span of management principle is that it tells us
a lot about the firm’s structure or what is more often called the <i>organizational structure</i>. If a single
manager could manage the entire number of subordinates, there will be no need
for a formal organizational structure. But where the manager cannot manage all
subordinates in the company effectively then these subordinates must be grouped
under various sub managers; leading to a kind of a structured organizational
structure. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In large
part, this is what creates the distinction between a flat organizational
structure or a tall one like the ones in the diagram below.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">It can be observed that in the top organizational structure the only manager manages all the subordinates in the firm and
therefore there are no Assistant Managers. The truth about this scenario is
that if we continue to add more subordinates, it will get to a point where the
manager can no longer be efficient at managing these subordinates. The would
then be the need to create positions for assistant managers to manage the
growing number of subordinates, leading to a taller organizational structure as
in the second scenario. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">We can conclude that in this kind of
firm, the span of management is narrow. Where the firm can function optimally,
with a wider span of control the organizational structure would be much
flatter.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><b>ALSO READ:</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="http://www.virtualkollage.com/2017/12/-the-outcome-of-exercising-managerial-function-of-organizing.html" target="_blank">The outcome of exercising the managerial function of organizing</a></span><br />
<a href="http://www.virtualkollage.com/2017/12/-explaining-organizing-and-steps-involved-in-organizing.html" target="_blank">Explaining the term organizing and the steps in organizing</a></div>
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