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Posted by Chester Morton / Saturday, 24 November 2018 / No comments

How a “Hyena’ infects girls with HIV in the name of an age old tradition

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<img alt="Hyena, Wildlife, Africa, Mammal, Nature" src="https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2015/12/18/20/04/hyena-1099073__340.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><i><b>By a Kollage News Staff Writer</b></i></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><i><b><br /></b></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The people of a small community in Malawi are proud of their
tradition because that is what has been practiced by their forefathers over the
years.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">According to this unique tradition, when girls in that
community become of age, they need to go through a rite of passage to ushers
them into adulthood. As part of the final initiation rites of the initiation,
the girls, now to become women; must go through a sexual act with a
professional called “hyena” by the locals. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A girl spends the night with the hyena and it is
traditionally expected that the girl would have had her first sexual encounter
by the next day. This first sexual encounter is not free. The girl’s parents must
pay the hyena for his services.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The community believes that when the matured girl does not go
through this initiation rite, her parents would die or something untoward would
happen to the parents or members of her family. The fear of this calamity
compels parents to force their girl children to go through the rites.</span></div>
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<img alt="Malawi Flag National Flag Nation Country E" src="https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2013/07/13/14/16/malawi-162350__340.png" /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A BBC programme monitored by Kollage News indicates that over
the years, this practice has become detrimental to the health of the girls. The
sexual act is performed without the use of protection and this exposes the
girls to every type of sexually transmitted diseases including HIV/AIDS. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">One of the “hyenas” has confessed to BBC in an interview that
he is HIV positive. This hyena, called Eric has a wife and a child. Though he
has been aware of his positive HIV status, he still continues to perform the
duties of a hyena. According to Eric, because he is now HIV positive, he does
not engage in the practice as often as he used to. He said the reason why he
continues to perform as a hyena is because he needs the money. Asked if he had
informed the parents that he was HIV positive, Eric answered in the negative.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><img alt="Malawi Nature Outside Landscape Waterfall" src="https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2013/02/12/19/50/malawi-80845__340.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Some of the girls interviewed, who were as young as twelve at
the time of their first sexual encounter with “hyenas”, confessed that they
were afraid their parents would die if they did not go through the ritual. </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is true that parents who engaged or continue to engage the
services of Eric, or others like him risk getting their daughters infected with
the HIV virus. How does this affect the future of the girls? How does it affect
their education and health?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://kollagenews.blogspot.com/2016/07/hyena-infects-girls-with-hiv-in-name-of.html" target="_blank"><i><b>Culled from Kollage News</b></i></a></span></div>
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How a “Hyena’ infects girls with HIV in the name of an age old tradition

By a Kollage News Staff Writer The people of a small community in Malawi are proud of their tradition because that is what has been...

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Posted by Chester Morton / Wednesday, 19 September 2018 / No comments

Steps to passing any W.A.E.C. related examination in 12 months

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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>STEPS TO PASSING ANY W.A.E.C. RELATED EXAMINATION
IN 12 MONTHS</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><i>By Divine Sewornu Dzokoto</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><i>Introduction</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Every year, the West African Examinations Council conducts
examinations and releases the results of same two times for West
African Secondary School Certificate Examinations (WASSCE). Some candidates do
very well but others do not do well, not at all. This has always brought sorrow
to households, especially where parents have high hopes their wards would come
out with flying colours. This article is to show you how to seat and <a href="http://www.virtualkollage.com/2018/01/-how-i-passed-my-wassce-as-a-prof.html" target="_blank">pass that very paper</a> which has been a thorn in your flesh. You will only need to follow these simple
guide and put in a some effort.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This article is not necessarily for those already in school and are now coming to write their own WASSCE examination though it can be applied
with similar success rate. It is for those who have been there before and want
to attempt it again. It is for those who are working but still need to pass
some of the papers they failed in order to push ahead. It is for those who were
not able to enter secondary school at all, not because they are not
academically good but because some circumstances of life did not permit it, and
now they are too afraid to attempt it. You can do it if you really want to. When you pass your papers it opens the chance for you to <a href="http://www.virtualkollage.com/2018/01/career-paths-in-the-sciences.html" target="_blank">pursue your carrier</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><i><b>Getting registered</b></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Registration for the private candidate examination is mostly
done in April. So you must be on the lookout for the advertisement so you
can get yourself registered. There are people whose parents are willing and can
dole out money for them to register. For those who do not have anybody to give
out money, one easy way out is to get a teaching job close by so you can get
the needed money. A teaching job because you will have time after school to
read your books. A teaching job because you might just find a member of staff
willing to help in one subject or the other. This does not mean you must start
preparation only after you have registered, you must start the preparation way
before this time.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><i>Punctuality in class</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">If you were able to enroll for a private class to help in
your preparation, then you must ensure that you are punctual in class and pay
attention. If you are able to understand what the teacher teaches in class,
half of the problem is solved. If you do not understand a point, ask questions.
Remember you or your parents paid for the tuition and you must get the best out of
the tutor. Try to pry every information out of the tutor because he has it. If he
cannot get it for you immediately, he or she can get it latter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><i><b>Acquire a syllabus<o:p></o:p></b></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Every W.A.E.C. examination is based on knowledge you are expected
to have acquired and the list of topics you are expected to study is in the W.E.A.C. syllabus. Yes, the
tutor will teach based on the syllabus but this is not enough, you need to have
it too so you know what W.A.E.C. is going to examine you on. Go to any W.A.E.C. office
in your country and acquire one. It is for sale and make sure to get the very
latest. Once you study according to what you are expected to know you will do
well. You can also make a quick Google search to download on the internet. Notes on Virtual Kollage are written based on the WAEC syllabus and you can have free access to the <a href="http://www.virtualkollage.com/p/list-of-subjects.html" target="_blank">list of subjects</a>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></div>
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<o:p style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Studying Exams Preparation Knowledge Teena" src="https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2015/09/22/15/02/studying-951818__340.jpg" /> </o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><i>Devote time for studies</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">As a candidate, you must devote quality time for personal
studies. Many candidates assume that once they sit in class to be
taught, the materials would stick to their memory but that is only true in case
of very exceptional students. For the bulk of them sitting in class is not
enough. After the class, you must devote extra time to study what you have been
taught so it can sink in more deeply. There are so <a href="http://www.virtualkollage.com/p/government_30.html" target="_blank">many materials on the internet</a> and with just a handheld device you can get access to a variety of
notes on various subjects.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><i><b>Acquire past questions</b></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">For each subject you are to write, acquire its past
questions, if the past questions date back to ten years that is good. You can
get these past questions from any W.A.E.C. office in your country. It is sold over
the counter. Many of the W.A.E.C. questions are recycled every year so by going
through them you will have a feel of how the next set of examination questions
would look like. For every topic treated on Virtual Kollage, a <a href="http://www.virtualkollage.com/2017/03/the-lukan-account-of-birth-of-jesus.html" target="_blank">sample question</a> is given after the last sentence.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><i>Read the Chief Examiner’s Report<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Chief Examiner writes a detailed report on the conduct of
the examination every time an examination is written. This includes information
on how students answered the questions. The report points out what the
candidates’ did well and what they did not do well and how this affected their
performance in a particular subject. By studying the Examiner’s Report you can
work on some of the loopholes pointed out. This will go a long way to help in
your preparation. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><i><b>Solve past questions</b></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">At this point the past questions you acquired come in handy.
You must attempt to solve all the past questions. Do not worry if you cannot
answer all the questions on your own. Do not be too proud. Get someone to help
you but you must solve all the ones you have dating back ten previous years.
Your ability to solve the past questions will boost your confidence level and
stand you in good stead when the day of the examination arrives.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><i>Spend less time on Social Media</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">One of the major time wasters for candidates today is Social
Media. The children of today spend way too much time on things that do not
matter for now instead of concentrating on their books. This does not leave
enough time to be devoted to studies. In order to free enough time for studies
avoid too much activity on Social Media. Once you decide to study, decide to
switch your phone off. If you cannot switch off your phone, mute
notifications so that they do not destruct you. You can answer all messages
once you are done with studies.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><i><b>Conclusion<o:p></o:p></b></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">These suggestions are not cast in iron. You can adjust them here and there till you make a perfect mix. Once you put your shoulder to it
you can successfully write the next W.A.E.C. <a href="http://www.virtualkollage.com/2018/01/-how-i-passed-my-wassce-as-a-prof.html" target="_blank">examinations and pass well.</a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<b>ALSO READ:</b><br />
<a href="http://www.virtualkollage.com/2018/01/-how-i-passed-my-wassce-as-a-prof.html" target="_blank">How I easily passed my WASSCE, you can do it too</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.virtualkollage.com/2018/01/-how-i-passed-my-wassce-as-a-prof.html" target="_blank"><<Back to Home Page</a><br />
<a href="http://www.virtualkollage.com/p/list-of-subjects.html" target="_blank">Go to the list of subjects>></a><br />
<a href="http://www.virtualkollage.com/p/feature-articles.html" target="_blank">Go to other feature articles>></a>

Steps to passing any W.A.E.C. related examination in 12 months

STEPS TO PASSING ANY W.A.E.C. RELATED EXAMINATION IN 12 MONTHS By Divine Sewornu Dzokoto Introduction Every year, the West Afr...

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Posted by Chester Morton / Thursday, 13 September 2018 / No comments

The importance of Sea turtles to the marine ecosystem

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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Turtle Green Turtle Ocean Swimming Reef Ma" src="https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2014/11/24/02/32/turtle-543444__340.jpg" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>WHY DID GOD CREATE SEA TURTLES? ARE THEY REALLY IMPORTANT TO MAN?</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><i>By Divine Sewornu Dzokoto</i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><i>Introduction</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sea turtles are considered to be reptiles that live most of
their lives in the sea though they come out every year to lay their estimated 50 to 350
eggs in nests dug along the shores of the sea for procreation. Currently, seven
species can be identified, including the green, loggerhead and the hawksbill. If
sea turtles were created by God, why did He do so? Are their presence in the sea so important for them to be created in the first place?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>THE IMPORTANCE OF SEA TURTLES</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><i>Feasting on jellyfish<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">According to dictionary.com “A jellyfish is a creature
belonging to the phylum Cnidaria, a zoological category of aquatic animals known
as coelenterates or cnidarians, which also includes corals and sea anemones.” A
sting from jellyfish is painful and may leave telling marks on your body. Out
of the close to two thousand varieties of jellyfish, only a handful is deadly,
like the box jellyfish. Jellyfish feeds on fish larva so if they consume lots
of fish larva, the population of fish would decline and fish protein in human
diet would diminish. Jellyfish serves as food for the leatherbacks type of sea
turtle and lots of them are eaten as a meal. The sea turtle is therefore
important in the sense that it helps to control the population of jellyfish in
the oceans and consequently maintaining the stock of fish in the waters.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<o:p style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Green Sea Turtle Sea Ocean Water Underwate" src="https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2013/02/10/03/39/green-sea-turtle-79945__340.jpg" /></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><i><br /></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><i>Grazing sea grass</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Another way in which the sea turtle is important is the fact
that green sea turtles feed on sea grass. In order to ensure that the sea grass
bed is healthy, the sea grass must be kept short to allow it to spread across
the length and breathe of the sea floor. The green sea turtle which feeds on
the sea grass ensures that the sea grass is constantly kept short so the grass
can spread across the sea bed. In other words, the green sea turtle helps to
maintain the health of the sea grass bed. They are the mowers of the sea floor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><i>Controls erosion at the beaches and in sand dunes</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The beaches and lower dunes of the sea coast are so fragile
that they could be eroded by the very sea. Something needs to hold the sand
together and that is the coastal vegetation. Sea turtles lay their eggs at the
beaches in holds dug as nests. After the gestation of the eggs, some of them
hatch and others do not. Those that hatch must find their way back into the
sea. As they journey into the sea they are preyed upon and others die before
they get into the sea. As said earlier, a sea turtle can drop between 50 and
350 eggs per season. The decomposed egg shells and the dead hatchlings return
into the soil to serve as nutrients for the vegetation at the coast. The
presence of the vegetation and its roots are able to hold the soil together and
therefore erosion is slowed down.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">                                                                                                                       </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><i><b>Feeding of sea sponge</b></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The hawksbill sea turtle which inhabits coral reefs feed on
sea sponges. In the absence of hawksbill sea turtles, the sponges in the sea
could outgrow the coral reefs especially the slow-growing ones and thereby kill
them. The presence of the sea turtles therefore help to control the presence of
sea sponges on the sea bed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img alt="Sea Turtles Hatchlings Baby Beach Sand Wat" src="https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2016/07/07/23/49/sea-turtles-1503461__340.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Turtle hatchings moving into the Sea</td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><i><b>Source of food<o:p></o:p></b></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">As part of the food chain in and outside the ocean, sea
turtles serve as food to a variety of prey.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> 
</span>In some communities, people are able to identify the turtle nests on the
shores and are able to take some eggs for their personal use at home. When the eggs
hatch, before they have the chance to swim into the sea, some serve as food to
birds, fish and other mammals. The adult sea turtles serve as food to sharks.
Human beings also use meat from sea turtle as food. So another way in which sea
turtles are important is because they serve as food.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><i>Income through ecotourism</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Eco-tourism is a niche area in tourism today. It combines the
preservation of animal species with tourism. Tourists are ready to pay good
money to watch animals in their natural habitat. Countries are able to harness
the population of sea turtles in the sea and people are taken there to watch
them. This serves as a source of income for the community in particular and the
country at large.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><i>Conclusion<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">If the sea turtle are this important to the human race, then
their depletion is going to cause a lot of imbalance in the oceans and affect
the lives of human beings.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What can you do to help control the rate at which the sea
turtle population is reducing in the Oceans? Share your views with us.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>ALSO READ:</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.virtualkollage.com/2018/01/english-speaking-west-african-degrees-now-to-the-dogs.html" target="_blank">English-speaking West African degrees now to the dogs?</a></span><br />
<a href="http://www.virtualkollage.com/2018/01/careers-in-a-rapidly-developing-technological-environment.html" target="_blank">Career paths in a rapidly developing technological environment</a></div>
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The importance of Sea turtles to the marine ecosystem

WHY DID GOD CREATE SEA TURTLES? ARE THEY REALLY IMPORTANT TO MAN? By Divine Sewornu Dzokoto Introduction Sea turtles are consi...

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Posted by Chester Morton / Saturday, 8 September 2018 / No comments

Ghana’s double-track system: two colours as determinants

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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">   </span><img alt="African, Student, Bicycle, Girl, School" src="https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2014/12/31/20/09/african-585272__340.jpg" style="text-align: justify;" /><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></div>
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<b>GHANA'S DOUBLE-TRACT SYSTEM: TWO COLOURS AS DETERMINANTS</b><br />
<i><b>By Divine Sewornu Dzokoto</b></i><br />
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The colours green and yellow, which have been important in
early childhood education and traffic control, have now become even more
important in Ghana’s free SHS flagship programme.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><b>Fulfilling a campaign promise</b></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">As part of the its campaign promise before the 2016 general
elections, the New Patriotic Party promised to ensure that every qualified
Junior High School graduate receives secondary school education free of charge.
With the party’s electoral fortunes in December of 2016, the ruling government
is redeeming the campaign promise; however, the implementation is facing
infrastructural problems.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />
<b><i>Opposition</i></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The largest opposition party in Ghana’s parliament, the
National Democratic Congress, which counter-proposed the progressively free
secondary school education model in the 2016 electoral campaigns, opposed the
wholesale implementation of the free SHS by the government on the grounds of inadequate
infrastructure, among other things. Other entities which opposed the programme
included IMANI Ghana, a Ghanaian Think Tank and the Integrated Social
development Centre (ISODEC). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />
<b><i>Implementation and infrastructural problems</i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The government of Ghana went ahead with the implementation of
the free SHS anyway in spite of the many voices of caution. After just one
academic year, the much envisaged problem of inadequate infrastructure has
reared its ugly head and in order to go around it, the government is
introducing the double-track system in the 2018/19 academic year.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><b>Double tract solution</b></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The double-tract system, which is to apply only to the first
years for now, divides the teachers and the students into two large groups. One
group shall start school and be in school for 40 days. When they vacate, the
second group will then go to use the same facilities also for 40 days, marking
the end of the first semester. The first group will now go back for another 40
days to end their academic year. In all, there going to be two semesters for
the first year students. Four hundred secondary schools out of the over 600
have been selected to implement the programme.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<o:p style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Woman, Book, Read, Library, Young, Human" src="https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2017/08/31/15/56/woman-2701154__340.jpg" style="font-size: medium;" /></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">After the release of the Basic Education Certificate
Examination results by the West African Examinations Council, 423,134 qualified
students have been placed in their choice of schools by the Computerized Schools
Selection and Placement Centre. With this done, the colours green and yellow
have become important in determining who goes to school now and who goes later.
Green means a student must proceed to school when the 2018/19 academic school
session starts and gold colour means you need to wait. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />
<b><i>Relevance of green and gold colours</i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">If one recalls the nursery rhyme where “green” means GO and
“yellow” means GET READY, one will see how similarly the two colours are being
used by the implementers of the double-tract system to prevent the congestion
that is likely to occur if this was left in the hands of the heads of the
various second cycle institutions. Thankfully, the third colour in the famous
nursery rhyme RED has been discarded; otherwise there would have been a stop
sign for some of the qualified students.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The first group with the colour green starts school on 11<sup>th</sup>
September and comes back home after 40 days while the second group with the
yellow colour goes to school on 8<sup>th</sup> November also for 40 days.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />
<b><i>Comments</i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What do you think about the double-track education system? Do
you foresee any more hitches ahead? Share your thoughts in the comments
section.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<br />
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<b>ALSO READ:</b><br />
<a href="http://www.virtualkollage.com/2018/01/career-paths-in-the-sciences.html" target="_blank">Career paths in the sciences</a><br />
<a href="http://www.virtualkollage.com/2018/02/time-to-shoo-away-examination-phobia.html" target="_blank">Time to shoo away examination phobia</a>

Ghana’s double-track system: two colours as determinants

GHANA'S DOUBLE-TRACT SYSTEM: TWO COLOURS AS DETERMINANTS By Divine Sewornu Dzokoto The colours green and yellow, which h...

Home Education , FEATURES

Posted by Chester Morton / Thursday, 22 February 2018 / No comments

Time to shoo away examination phobia

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<img alt="School Draw Drawing Education Pencil Learn" src="https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2017/01/12/10/40/school-1974369__340.jpg" /><br />
<b>TIME
TO SHOO AWAY EXAMINATION PHOBIA</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><i>By Divine Sewornu Dzokoto<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In the first week of April, 2018, the
annual West African Secondary School Certificate Examination (W.A.S.S.C.E.) will
commence across English-speaking West Africa, currently including Nigeria,
Ghana, Liberia, Sierra Leone and the Gambia. Some candidates are already set for
the examination and would be comfortable to start this very day. Others would
have been well prepared by the day of their first paper. Others would not have
been fully prepared while the large chunks of them would be woefully
unprepared.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>No matter the levels of
preparation of these candidates, they are going to sit for the same
examination. This can cause some of them to develop fear for the examination. This
write-up shall highlight some of the symptoms of the fear for examination, what
causes it and suggest ways in which this can be dealt with by candidates,
teachers and parents.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In order to understand what the fear
of examination is, we need to know what the W.A.S.S.C.E. itself is. W.A.S.S.C.E.
can be defined as a way of assessing what the candidate has studied and learned
over the three years of secondary school education. The West African Examinations
Council, for example, evaluates how well the students have learnt and how much
they have grasped what they learned. The fear of examination, on the other
hand, is the anxiety some of the candidates experience before the onset of, or
during the examination.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Come April this year, some candidates
are going to walk into the examination hall, believing (and rightly so) that
their entire life is dependent on how well they perform. This can be very
stressful and can drive the calmness of spirit away. In the last examination
organized by W.A.E.C., a candidate confided in this writer, how he felt in the
days leading to the examination. Anytime he thought about the examination, he
felt sweaty, nervous and greatly upset. Sometimes, his heart paced faster than
was usual and sometimes, he felt like crying. What this candidate felt was just
some of the symptoms of the fear of exams which is also called testophobia.
These are not however the only symptoms of testophobia, sometimes the
individual may feel nauseous and possibly lightheaded. In severe cases, the
candidate may experience memory blankness and feel like visiting the washroom
frequently. Some experience insomnia and others feel not like eating at all.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Some schools of taught are of the view
that the fear of exams is experienced only by those who are inadequately
prepared for the examination. However, studies have shown that even those who are
adequately prepared for the examinations also face the same challenge. What
then causes the fear of examinations? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><i>Pressure
from parents, teachers and school authorities<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Some parents are the major causes of putting
the fear of examinations in their children. Parents constantly remind their
children of the need for them to pass their papers. Some even go further to
threaten their wards with what will happen to them if they do fail the exams.
Parents expect good grades and that is all, ordinarily no one should blame
them, after all, they just want the best for their children. Though they cannot
be blamed for expecting much from their wards, studies show that such high expectations
put so much pressure on the candidates and can cause them to develop the fear
for the impending examinations. In some cases, the pressure is from the school
authorities and teachers. Standards have to be maintained to keep the school
among the top notch in the table of best schools. In extreme cases, final year
students who are assessed to be unequal to the task are not registered for the
examination at all. Their parents are advised to let their wards write the
paper the following year. Some teachers expect nothing less from, especially,
students that they have identified as “A” materials. Such pressures can be detrimental
to the candidates.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<img alt="Classroom Education Learning People Room S" src="https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2016/11/29/01/21/classroom-1866519__340.jpg" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><i>Personal
pressure<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In some cases, the candidate
him/herself expects to do very well in the examination. Some want to obtain
straight “A”s in the examination and anything short of this, they consider as
a failure. This can also put undue pressure on the candidate and cause him/her
to develop the fear of examinations. Some of the candidates fear that they may
not be able to do as well as their colleagues, especially, those perceived to
be better academically. Some candidates look at the performance of their elder
siblings who may have done well in previous examination and may want to do
better or wander whether they can do better or not. This can also put undue
personal pressure on the candidate. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><i>Low
self-esteem<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It has been noted that some students
have a very low esteem of themselves. Constantly, they think of themselves, not
as good as others. In their estimation, other students are better than them.
This also brings a lot of pressure on them, leading to the fear of examinations.
Low self-esteem can be the result of many factors, many of which are avoidable.
Parents who are too critical of their children, negligent in identifying
children’s good efforts and positively reinforcing them, or needlessly being
harsh in correcting wrong doing; unhappy childhood, negative peers either at
school or in the neighborhood, and <a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a>previous bad choices
made by the youth. Other causes include traumatic experiences in the past, and
persistently unrealistic goals set either by the youth or the parents.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span><span style="color: red;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><i>Re-writing
an examination<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">There are several of the candidates
who have sat for the W.A.S.S.C.E. examination in the past and did not do well. They
failed miserably. The fear that they could fail again also adds to the pressure
and can cause them to experience examination fear.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><i>Fear
of scolding<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Some candidates fear the scolding that
they would receive from their parents or guardians when they fail the
examination. This is especially so if they had earlier been scolded for failing
a terminal or major examination. The particular words that were used on them
may be resonating in their minds. This can trigger testophobia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><i>Unpreparedness</i><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Whenever a candidate is not adequately
prepared for the examination, there is the danger that he/she may develop
testophobia. The fear that he/she may not be able to tackle the questions for
lack of preparation can cause fear and panic. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<img alt="Students Classroom School Sad Education Yo" src="https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2014/07/17/15/17/students-395568__340.jpg" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b>DO
THE CAUSES LISTED ABOUT AFFECT THE CANDIDATES? <o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Statistics in English-speaking West
Africa are either scanty or unavailable. The Times of India (TOI) Report of
March, 2008 indicated that 5,857 students committed suicide as a result of
examination stress. Again in India, a survey of 740 colleges, conducted by the
Tata Institute of Data Studies (TISS) in 2010 concluded that, one third of the
students who were surveyed experienced testophobia. Looking at the myriad of
problems that bedevil the western form of education in West Africa, there can
be no doubt that the phenomenon of testophobia exists in the sub-region. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The greatest danger a candidate can
face when he/she exhibits the symptoms of the fear of examination, as explained
above is a possible failure when the final results are released by the West
African Examinations Council. No parent would want to hear this because it is
bad news.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The fear of examinations has led many
candidates to adopt unorthodox methods to pass their exams. Such unorthodox
methods include, but are not limited to buying the question papers and knowing
what the exam paper contains before the day of the examination, taking solved
questions into the examination hall, copying in the exam hall, exchanging
answer sheets with fellow candidates, impersonation and other very ingenious
ways in the wake of the handheld gadgets and technologies of today.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Most parents from the middle and upper
class of the countries involved may have been guilty of applying much pressure
on their wards to come out with flying colours. Could it however be that they
may have applied too much pressure? Could their wards be experiencing
examination related stress, as we peruse this write up without reporting to the
parents for fear of the backlash they may receive?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b>ARE
THERE REMEDIES?<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><i>Prepare
well in advance for the examination<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">One of the ways to remedy the fear for
examinations is to prepare well in advance. Preparing in advance, though does
not guarantee immunity against testophobia, gives the candidate the
confidence that he/she can tackle the questions that may come in the exams and
reduce any lingering stress.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><i>Avoid
mugging up (chew and pour)</i><o:p></o:p></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Candidates must be advised not to mug
up. It is always wiser to understand what the topic is all about instead of
just cramming everything to memory, hoping to pour it out when a question is
asked on it. The danger is that, a little mix up can cause confusion and make
you forget the sequence in which you mugged up.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><i>Close
to exams, avoid new topics<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It is advised that when the paper is
very close, do not attempt to learn new topics, especially if you have not
tackled them at all, previously. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><i>Conversation
with friends<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It would be prudent not to chat with
your friends concerning what they have or may have not studied. If in the
course of the conversation you realized that they have covered more grounds
than you have, it may make you think you are under-prepared for the exam. This
may make you more nervous and tensed that you should be. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><b><i>Personal Time-Table</i><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">There
is the need to draw a personal time table. A personal time table helps the
candidate to plan his/her studies. Make sure you allot more time to the
subjects you think you have more difficulties or the ones with the greatest
volume of learning materials. When this personal time table is strictly adhered
to, it is bound to assist in the candidate’s preparation for the exams. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: transparent;"><span style="color: #222222;"> </span></span><span style="background-color: transparent;"><b><i>Attempt previous papers </i></b></span><b style="background-color: transparent;">                                                                                                                 </b><br />
<span style="color: #222222;">The
West African Examinations Council has been in existence for ages and their past
papers are all around. There are textbooks that have dedicated all their pages
to past W.A.E.C. Questions and Answers. It is a well known fact that these past
questions are often repeated in subsequent examinations. Therefore solving past
questions can help a candidate to be adequately prepared for the examination
and prevent the onset of testophobia. You can also find the W.A.E.C. marking
schemes on their website. It tells you how to approach the various questions
that are asked and to tackle them.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i>Try group study</i></b></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
candidate could try studying in a group. When a candidate studies in a group,
he/she is able to determine what is important. It could also help the
individual to identify some of the things he/she had overlooked. This affords
the candidate enough time to remedy any lapses as he/she prepares for the
examination. There is a symbiotic benefit to this approach. While the group
helps the individual to learn and cover more grounds, the individual helps the
other members of the group.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222;"><b>CONCLUSION                                                                                                                                     </b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 15.25pt; margin-bottom: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222;">It
is believed that when the remedies enumerated above are implemented by
candidates, school authorities, teachers and parents, it would reduce the fear
of examination to the barest minimum so that students can enter the examination
hall with much more confidence than was previously mustered.</span></div>
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Time to shoo away examination phobia

TIME TO SHOO AWAY EXAMINATION PHOBIA By Divine Sewornu Dzokoto In the first week of April, 2018, the annual West African Se...

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Posted by Chester Morton / Tuesday, 23 January 2018 / No comments

English-speaking West African degrees, now to the dogs?

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<div style="line-height: 17.45pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span style="border: 1pt none; color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; padding: 0in;">By
Austin Parker</span><span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 17.45pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">A
few decades ago, university education in West Africa was provided mainly by the
governments of the respective countries. As a consequence, access was limited
to the few privileged ones who could make the cut off point, who were really
connected and probably, the children of some staffs of the universities
concerned, through protocol allocations. Today, English-speaking West Africa is
witnessing an unparalleled improvement in access to higher education. Many
universities have been opened and have been accredited to run programmes in
various fields of study.  <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17.45pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 17.45pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">Another
phenomenon, which has added a new dimension to university education in English-speaking
West Africa, is Private universities. They have trended a path which was
hitherto unknown. Until the entry of private universities, there were no
flexible hours such as organizing lectures in the evenings and during weekends to
cater for workers who might want to further their education but are constrained
by their work schedules. The Public Universities, not wanting to be muzzled out
of the market lived up to the competition by introducing distance learning
degrees and sandwich courses as well.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17.45pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 17.45pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">These
universities have churned out and continue to churn out graduates into the
streets of the individual countries. The result is that, over the years,
because the respective governments have not been able to adopt policies that
could absorb these graduates, and because the enabling environment was not
created for the private businessmen/women to create more jobs, a lot of the
graduates have remained jobless many years after school. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17.45pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;"><img alt="Teacher, Education, Educator, Reading" src="https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2018/03/06/01/07/teacher-3202345__340.jpg" /></span></div>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 17.45pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">In
the English West African countries where the Private Universities outnumber the
Public Universities, there is a further fear that their proliferation has
diminished the quality in higher education. It is argued that the quest to go
into the provision of private university education is largely fueled by the
desire to make profit. For that simple reason, the motivation for profit
maximization could influence the players in the industry to sacrifice quality
for profit. Therefore, improved access to university education is detrimental
to English-speaking West Africa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17.45pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 17.45pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">The
protracted civil wars in Liberia and Sierra Leone, is argued to have created a
deep crater in the provision of university education. Even in these countries,
much has gone under the bridge after the war and normalcy has either returned or is
returning. Private Universities have emerged and are also churning out
graduates every year. They even have the added disadvantage of the fact that
the recovery efforts of the succeeding governments after the wars have not
taken them completely out of the woods. So jobs are not readily available for all
graduates that are minted from the universities every year.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17.45pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17.45pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">The
fears that are raised above are not completely baseless. There is no way a
rapid change in any sphere of life can be free of issues. The problem of
graduate unemployment in English-speaking West Africa, where thousands upon
thousands of graduates are poured into the streets every year to look for jobs that
are almost non-existent is a huge problem to worry about. Secondly there is a
widely held view that, to a great extent, a country is as good as the
Universities that produce her future leaders. This being so, anyone would want
to question any developments that could throw degrees awarded by universities
in English-speaking West Africa to the dogs.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17.45pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17.45pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">All
is not however gloom. One of the greatest assets of any nation is its people. Through
education and job training, the aptitude of all of the people can be improved,
and continually refined. We must therefore embrace any opportunity to improve
the human capital of the nations, no matter how negligible.  There is a
lot to gain as a nation in West Africa if the training of our human resource goes
beyond high the school level.  Though this might be just a drop in the
Ocean, we can still argue that the universities, so established, also provide
employment to some sections of the society. This is because, the universities that
are proliferated need both academic and administrative staff to keep them
running. Finally research has shown that the developmental challenges and the
kinds and number of manpower needed in West Africa are very huge. Therefore,
the number of graduates that are produced annually is highly inadequate.  </span><br />
<span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;"><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;"><img alt="Library, La Trobe, Study, Students, Row" src="https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2016/05/18/11/25/library-1400313__340.jpg" /></span></div>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 17.45pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">For
all young people who are entering university, a few things are worth noting
however. Yes, the world has grown more competitive. Yes, jobs will not be
waiting to welcome you once you walk out the gates of a university waving a
brand new degree, but when employers go into the labour market; their shopping
lists include certain qualities which they want to see in prospective
hirelings. They look, for example, for people who are proactive and
resourceful, people who have drive, self-reliance, and are willing to learn.
They shop for people with good oral communication and presentation skills, the ability
to prioritize, ability to solve real problems, people who are flexible, loyal
and results oriented. They look closely at people with ICT skills and
knowledge of additional foreign languages (French, Spanish and Chinese, Arabic
among the most relevant). This cuts across all sectors.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17.45pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17.45pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;"> As
a student in the university or in the senior secondary school about to enter
the university or aspiring to enter, you need to develop the qualities mentioned
about while you are schooling, especially in the university. When you do this,
your prospects in the job market would not be as bad as people would want you
to believe.  <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17.45pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 17.45pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">One
of the ways of getting ahead of your peers is to read. When you read you learn
in a matter of days what someone studied and researched and perhaps tested over
several years. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17.45pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 17.45pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;">Do
not throw your hands in the air, when you put your head to it, success is
guaranteed.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17.45pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17.45pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;"><b>ALSO READ:</b></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17.45pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;"><a href="http://www.virtualkollage.com/2018/01/career-paths-in-the-sciences.html" target="_blank">Career paths in the sciences</a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17.45pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "helvetica" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt;"><a href="http://www.virtualkollage.com/2018/01/careers-in-a-rapidly-developing-technological-environment.html" target="_blank">Careers in a rapidly developing technological environment</a></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17.45pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<a href="http://www.virtualkollage.com/2018/01/-how-i-passed-my-wassce-as-a-pro.html" target="_blank">How I passed my WASSCE as if I was a pro</a></div>
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English-speaking West African degrees, now to the dogs?

By Austin Parker A few decades ago, university education in West Africa was provided mainly by the governments of the respective count...

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Posted by Chester Morton / Wednesday, 17 January 2018 / No comments

Careers in a rapidly developing technological environment

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<b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">CAREERS IN A RAPIDLY DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT</b></div>
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<b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Introduction</b></div>
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Careers and professions have evolved over the years. Some have changed completely while others have simply added different dimensions. For instance, a large part of what used to be marketing has become Strategic Management. A lot of what we used to call Human Resource Management could find descriptions such as Knowledge Management and so on and so forth.  However, in this piece we want to focus on careers and professions that have emerged relatively recently as a result of rapid developments in technology. </div>
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Here are some of the careers and the secondary school subjects that could get to easily follow them.</div>
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<b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Computer System Analyst<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;"></o:p></b></div>
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People working as computer system analysts work to understand how computers and their system can serve a firm in a specific area. They are responsible for deciding which hardware or software would be appropriate for the organization and working to manage their installation, supervise and report the outcome of these installations to top management. Senior High School Elective Mathematics and Physics, plus either Chemistry or any other related subject would be important. However, candidates who could not go to university should not feel all is lost. Globally Professional Courses such C+, A+, N+ or some combination of these should lead you into this profession.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;"></o:p></div>
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<b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Database Administrator (DBA)<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;"></o:p></b></div>
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These professionals are responsible for organizing, storing mining and managing organization’s information. DBAs would typically work to develop specified database for the firm’s use as well as securing information deemed by the firm as sensitive. DBA is among the fastest growing professions in the world especially for Africa, these professionals would be in very high demand in the foreseeable future.  As with many technology-related professions, Senior High School Mathematics is vital, Physics with any science related electives should be sufficient to gain admission to a degree in this programme.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;"></o:p></div>
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<b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Software Developer<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;"></o:p></b></div>
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Software Developers develop the computer software which makes the hardware work. It is believed that the growth in the smart phone technology sub-sector should create a lot of job opportunities for software engineers. The subject area requires Elective Mathematics and Physics must be among your electives.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;"></o:p></div>
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<b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">IT Manager<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;"></o:p></b></div>
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If you have a problem with your computer in your company, it is the IT manager who should be seen , in other words, in case of any technical hitches, talk to an IT Manager. IT managers are responsible for making sure that the front-line technician get both hardware and software problems quickly resolved. This makes the IT Manager’s work a rather high pressured profession. It often requires a degree in IT Science or a shade of that nature. Your mathematics skill is needed here. Candidates should opt for a SHS maths and sciences. Apart from an academic degree at university other often Microsoft certified professional pathways with easier entry requirement are available for candidates to explore.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;"></o:p></div>
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The job of a<b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </b>computer systems administrator requires him to facilitate the smooth working of the internet system in the company. The computer System Administrator ensures that data is shared to all computer stations networked to the company’s main server. Both degree and professional pathways are available. Like previous careers in IT, computational skills are needed here. Candidates wishing to pursue this profession should not play with their maths subjects both the core and the electives.<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;"></o:p></div>
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<b style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Summary<o:p style="box-sizing: border-box; outline: 0px;"></o:p></b></div>
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In Sum, it is refreshing to note that contrary to the general belief that improvements in technology kills employment, some studies have actually noted that technology rather creates some jobs, generates the need for specialized work fields and modifies other jobs. </div>
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The key to taking advantage of these career goals could simply lie in retraining. This is because, the contest between man and machine has a deep root in history. For instance, in the 1800s, the introduction of the weaving machine into the textile industry saw some agitation about whether these machines were taking jobs from production hands or whether they were just easing out the workloads. Around 2007, retail workers expressed the same worry about the introduction of automatic checkouts. Sooner than later, taxi drivers could have their turn with self-driving cars. </div>
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So clearly, candidates must be abreast with some of these changes as there may be more career opportunities than every job killed.</div>
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CAREERS IN A RAPIDLY DEVELOPING TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT Introduction Careers and professions have evolved over the years. Some hav...

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Career paths in the Sciences

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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilP9QHYMZSK7ZJ7rX9AlqcHfEUyTpZHuhy8dT-x0Nozpn6g4cgxMXJTqFbjZGxD9G6fzdymhij6YzxMKm5Xs8fXHkKd8SY2Jv9aHT9RfjqaFMZ3ZQso_X7umIwi0rTFGPu_4seLwd2bA9v/s1600/career+one.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="340" data-original-width="510" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilP9QHYMZSK7ZJ7rX9AlqcHfEUyTpZHuhy8dT-x0Nozpn6g4cgxMXJTqFbjZGxD9G6fzdymhij6YzxMKm5Xs8fXHkKd8SY2Jv9aHT9RfjqaFMZ3ZQso_X7umIwi0rTFGPu_4seLwd2bA9v/s320/career+one.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><b>CAREER PATHS IN THE SCIENCES</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><b>Introduction</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">For many young people at senior secondary school, choosing a
career can be a wild tour in a labyrinth. Often young people would rather
listen to their peers who appear to be more knowledgeable. The danger with this
is that career choices are not that simple in reality. More often, the best
informed are those who have gone through the mill, made their mistakes and now
can boast of some hindsight benefits. In part, this is so because career
decisions are closely tied with subjects studied at Senior High School and
programmes read at undergraduate level. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Within the West Africa sub-region, the subjects read at the
secondary school level together with grades obtained constitute strong
determining factors in gaining admission to specific programmes in the university.
Schools in the USA, UK and elsewhere offer some flexibility in terms of entry
requirements. In all these, the natural sciences or what is often termed the
general science options (electives), respond to stricter criteria for admission
to undergraduate programmes. In this piece, I will like to take Senior High School
students and prospective entrants through some subjects that support the career
course they desire. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b>Careers in Engineering</b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Let’s begin with careers in engineering with specialization in
areas such as Industrial & Systems Engineering. Civil Engineering &
Construction, Bio & Biomedical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Materials
Science & Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Computer
Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Electronics &Embedded Technology, Energy & Power Engineering, Automotive Engineering, General Engineering & Technology, Marine Engineering, Mechatronics, Mining, Oil & Gas, Robotics and similar fields. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<b>University entry requirements</b> </div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">In most universities where the programmes mentioned above are
offered, entry requirements would likely include a combination of elective
subjects like elective Mathematics, Physics and either Chemistry, Biology or
Geography depending on the university of choice. This also goes with programme
content in the particular university. For example, where a university, because
of the content of its programme accepts 2 ‘As’ and a ‘B’ in in Mathematics,
Physics and Chemistry, the same university could decide to admit candidates who
did Mathematics, Physics and Biology, Geography or Agricultural Science but only
with nothing short of 3 “As’.  With this
in mind, candidates who are not taking the first choice subjects of the
university department must know that they would have to work extra hard to be
admitted to their programme choice. This said it must be pointed out that where
specialization is done at the Masters level, then it may not matter much which
engineering programme you read at the first degree level as long as the
programme exposes you to sufficient dose of calculus, linear algebra and
engineering computations. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b>Soft engineering</b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">There are also some engineering programmes with less mathematics
content. Let’s call them the soft engineering. They are Transportation Engineering, Environmental Engineering, software Engineering (Except
the programming bit), and Textile Engineering. However, taking chemistry and
physics as subjects at high school will be a good support for careers in these
areas. Besides, most universities in the sub-region will require at least a
very good pass in high school mathematics to be admitted to these
programmes.  <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b>Health Sciences</b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">For health-related professions such as Medicine, Dentistry,
Pharmacy, Veterinary Medicine and Physician Assistantship degrees, Biology,
Health Science and Chemistry are important supporting subjects. Physics and
Elective mathematics are strongly advised. A subject combination including any
of these subjects should be sufficient. However, because these programmes are
highly sought after by usually extremely brilliant students, your best bet will
be to pass with excellent grades to be sure of getting admitted to these
programmes. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b>Caution</b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">While this explanation provides broad
directions concerning career decisions and choices, the fact that there are
over 200 universities in West Africa each with its peculiar admission rules
makes these prescriptions anything but a one-measure-fit-all advice. They
however give student a fair idea as to what they should be reading as subject
at high school if they figured out what career pathway they want to choose.  <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><b>ALSO READ:</b></span><br />
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><a href="http://www.virtualkollage.com/2018/01/-how-i-passed-my-wassce-as-a-pro.html" target="_blank">How I passed my WASSCE as if I was a pro</a></span></div>
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Career paths in the Sciences

CAREER PATHS IN THE SCIENCES Introduction For many young people at senior secondary school, choosing a career can be a wild tour i...

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Career paths in the Sciences

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