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Posted by Chester Morton / Sunday, 24 March 2019 / No comments

The importance of mass media

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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>THE IMPORTANCE OF THE MASS MEDIA</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #26282a; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b><i>Definition of mass media<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: #26282a; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mass media can be defined as the communication medium that can
be used to reach a greater portion of a nation or the world in an instant. In
short, any means by which the bulk of the people receive information is
regarded as a mass media. Note that any form of mass media reaches thousands,
millions and sometimes billions of people at one go. A few examples of a mass
media include, but are not limited to, newspapers, radio, television, the
internet and now SMS messaging.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #26282a; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mass media is categorized into the print media, broadcast media, and digital media. The print media refers to newspapers, magazines, and journals. It may also include books and pamphlets that are widely
circulated. The broadcast media refers to the radio and finally, the digital
media comprises the internet and the mobile phone.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #26282a; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mass media has become very important in the scheme of things in
both developed and developing countries. This may probably be due to the
complexity of today’s society. Some of the reasons why mass media is important
are discussed below.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>THE IMPORTANCE OF THE MASS MEDIA</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><i><b>Education of the audience<o:p></o:p></b></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">One of the reasons why mass media is important today is
because they educate their readers, listeners, and viewers. Through deliberate
content development, the media houses give a lot of informative materials to
their audiences. The audiences become aware of things that they would otherwise
not have had an idea about.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><i>Holds people accountable for their actions</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Another reason why mass media is important is that they
hold people accountable for the things they involve themselves in. Mass media
holds accountable leaders in government, business, the clergy, and individuals
of all walks of life. The media houses have become the watchdogs of the society
holding actors accountable for what they say and do.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><i><b>As a source of entertainment<o:p></o:p></b></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mass media is also a source of entertainment for a lot of its
audiences. This entertainment takes the form of music, dance, and films of all
kinds. The internet is replete with films of different genres. Some are
streamed live and others are archived and can be accessed in real time. Today,
there are several shops where one can hear music being played on radio or
television in the background for the enjoyment of the customers. Aside from this,
media houses develop programmes or content specifically to entertain viewers and
listeners.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p> </o:p></span><img alt="Earth, Internet, Globalisation" src="https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2017/04/23/19/30/earth-2254769__340.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><i><b>For peace and reconciliation<o:p></o:p></b></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Another reason why mass media is important is that, if
positively employed, it is able to bring together people of different cultural
and ethnic orientations. The ability of mass media to reach a large number of
people at the same time, as long as they are tuned in, makes it easy for peace
overtures to be directed to the people to engender peace and reconciliation.
After several years of Civil War in Liberia, Uganda and Sierra Leone, mass
media was very instrumental in getting the people to talk and to heal the deep wounds of mistrust and hatred.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><i>It drives business<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Again, mass media is important because they drive business.
Most of the media houses depend on advertisement for income. The business community
in almost every country also depends on the advertisement to get information about
their product to their customers. In this sense, therefore, the mass media in
all its form helps new businesses to break into the market and the existing
companies to maintain their leadership in their respective industry.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><i><b>Engenders political participation<o:p></o:p></b></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mass media is important because it helps people to participate in
the political activities of their countries. The plethora of media forms and
media houses have opened the floodgates for the majority of the people to form
an opinion or two about government policies and programmes and to express what
they think on radio and television or any other form of media that is
available.</span></div>
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<b>SAMPLE QUESTION(S)</b></div>
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1. Highlight six advantages of mass media.</div>
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2. In which six ways is mass media important to a country?</div>
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<b>ALSO READ: </b></div>
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<a href="https://www.virtualkollage.com/2019/03/the-definition-and-characteristics-of-mass-media.html" target="_blank">The characteristics of mass media</a> </div>
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<a href="https://www.virtualkollage.com/2019/04/the-disadvantages-of-mass-media.html" target="_blank">The disadvantages of mass media</a><br />
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The importance of mass media

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE MASS MEDIA Definition of mass media Mass media can be defined as the communication medium that can be used t...

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Posted by Chester Morton / Monday, 4 June 2018 / No comments

The main features and problems of the 1924 Alexander Ransford Slater constitution of Sierra Leone

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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>THE
FEATURES OF THE 1924 RANSFORD SLATER CONSTITUTION OF SIERRA LEONE<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b><i>Introduction</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sir
Governor Alexander Ransford Slater replaced Sir Richard James Wilkinson as the
governor of Sierra Leone on 4<sup>th</sup> May 1922. By 1924, the new Governor
had planned a new constitution for the colony which came into effect in the
same year.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>FEATURES
OF THE 1924 CONSTITUTION<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b><i>Legislative
Council</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
constitution made provisions for a Legislative Council like the previous one.
However, in this new constitution, the membership was increased to 22 including
the Governor himself. There were eleven official members and ten unofficial
members. Of the ten unofficials, seven were nominated and three were elected
from the colonies. The legislature was mandated to make laws for the smooth
running of the colony of Sierra Leone.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><i><b>Representation
of Chieftaincy</b></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Another
feature of the constitution was the representation of the people of the
protectorates by their chiefs. The constitution made provisions for Governor
Slater to nominate three Paramount Chiefs from the protectorate to serve as
members of the Legislative Council.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b><i>The
Executive Council</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
constitution also made provisions for an Executive Council. The Council was
made up of majority of Europeans heading the various departments in the colony
at the time and the Governor himself. The membership was seven including the
Governor. Five of the members were officials and the other two were
unofficials. The official members included the Chief Justice, Attorney-General,
Colonial Secretary and the Commander of the Troops. Of the two unofficial
members, one was a European African called Charles Heddle and the other was a
Sierra Leonean called John Ezzidio.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>NOTE:</b>
When some members are called officials, it simply means they became members by
virtue of the portfolio they held in the administrative set up of the
colony. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">THE </span>SIGNIFICANCE</b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b> OF THE SLATER CONSTITUTION</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b><i>Increase
in membership of the Legislative Council</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">One
significant improvement of the 1924 constitution over the previous one was that
it increased the membership of the Legislative Council. Previously, there were
eighteen members in the Legislative council but this was increased to twenty-one
excluding the Governor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><i><b>Elective
principle</b></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Another
significant thing about the constitution was that, for the first time, the
elective principle was introduced in Sierra Leone. Under the constitution,
three single-member constituencies were created, two of them were in the urban
areas and one was in the rural area. For the first time, the people of the
colony of Sierra Leone were given the opportunity to elect representatives into
the Legislative Council.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b><i>Increased
African Representation</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Through
the elective principle, three Africans were elected to serve on the Legislative
Council. In addition to the elected Africans on the council, three Paramount Chiefs
from the tribes of the Mende and the Temne were appointed by Governor Slater to
serve on the council. In other words, the Africans were given a bigger voice in
the running of the colony.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>PROBLEMS
WITH THE SLATER CONSTITUTION<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><i><b>The
Governor’s veto powers</b><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
Governor of the colony still retained his veto powers by which he could veto
the decisions of the Legislative and the Executive councils. He could reject
any bill from being passed into law. He also had the power of certification.
This means he could force a bill to be passed into law even if the majority of
the members were against it.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><i><b>Limited
Franchise</b></i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The
constitution was hailed to have introduced the elective principle for the first
time in Sierra Leone but it was not a universal suffrage. To be eligible to
vote, one must have been an educated African. In addition, one must own
property valued at 10 pounds if one lived in the urban area or 6 pounds if one
lived in the rural area. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b><i>Advisory
role of the Executive Council</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Another
problem with the constitution was that the Executive Council continued to play only
an advisory role and therefore the Governor could have his way anytime he
wanted to.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>SAMPLE
QUESTION(S)</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. a.
What were the features of the 1924 Slater constitution of Sierra Leone?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">    </span>b. Mention any two significant aspects of
the constitution.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">    </span>c. Highlight any three problems of the
Slater constitution.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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The main features and problems of the 1924 Alexander Ransford Slater constitution of Sierra Leone

THE FEATURES OF THE 1924 RANSFORD SLATER CONSTITUTION OF SIERRA LEONE Introduction Sir Governor Alexander Ransford Slater replaced S...

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Posted by Chester Morton / Wednesday, 23 May 2018 / No comments

The functions of the Prime Minister under the 1965 independence constitution of The Gambia

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<img alt="Gambia Market Woman Creole Africa Gambia G" src="https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2014/01/07/09/08/gambia-239849__340.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;"><b>THE FUNCTIONS OF THE
PRIME MINISTER UNDER THE 1965 INDEPENDENT CONSTITUTION OF THE GAMBIA</b></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><i>Introduction</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
Gambia became a politically independent country with effect from 18<sup>th</sup>
February, 1965, having been granted independent status by the British colonial
powers. Under the new constitution, the Queen of England remained the Head of
State, represented by a Governor, a British national.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
constitution made provision for the position of a Governor-General. Mr. John
Warburton Paul was appointed as the Governor-General but the Prime Minster, Mr.
Dawda Jawara, whose party won majority of the seats, was appointed as such.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 13.5pt;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>FUNCTIONS
OF THE PRIME MINISTER</b></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b><i>Head of
Government</i></b></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">The Prime
Minister was the Head of Government. He was responsible for the day-to-day
administration of the country. In a presidential system of government, the Prime
Minister would have been designated as the President.</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b><i>Appointment
of Ministers</i></b></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">It was
one of the functions of the Prime Minister under the 1965 independent
constitution to appoint ministers to serve in his government. He could also
assign them to various portfolios. He had the power to transfer them from one
ministry to the other or even to dismiss them on grounds of incompetence or
misbehaviour.</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><i><b>Formulation
of policies</b></i></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">With the
assistance of his Cabinet Ministers, the Prime Minister was responsible for the
formulation of major policies. These policies were to ensure the social and
economic development of the nation.</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><i><b>Implementation
of policies</b></i></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">As the
Head of Government, he was responsible for the implementation of the policies
approved by the House of Representatives. He was assisted by the country’s
Civil Service. He ensured that law and order was enforced and he was assisted
by the nation’s Police Force.</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b><i>Coordinator
of ministries</i></b></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">As the
Head of Government, the Prime Minister was responsible for the coordination of
the activities of the various ministers. The ministers were appointed by him
and he runs the government of the day so he had to ensure that the activities
of the various ministries gel into the over-all policy of the government.</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b><i>Reported
to the Governor-General</i></b></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">The Prime
Minister was under an obligation to report to the Governor-General about the
things that government is engaged in. In other words, he informed the
Governor-General about the activities of his government and also takes the
opinion of the Governor-General on important matters to his cabinet.</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b><i>Spokesman
of his party</i></b></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">As the
leader of the majority party in the House of Representatives, he acted as the
party's spokesman. He addressed the members of the party at very important
party ceremonies.</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>SAMPLE
QUESTION(S)</b></span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;">1.
Discuss six major functions of the Prime Minister under the 1965 independent
constitution of The Gambia.</span><span style="font-size: 13.5pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<br /></div>
</div>
<b>ALSO READ:</b><br />
<a href="http://www.virtualkollage.com/2018/05/the-main-features-of-1965-independent-constitution-of-The-Gambia.html" target="_blank">The features of the 1965 independent constitution of The Gambia</a><br />
<a href="http://www.virtualkollage.com/2018/05/the-functions-of-Governor-General-under-the-1965-independent-constitution-of-The-Gambia.html" target="_blank">The functions of the Governor-General under the independent constitution of The Gambia</a><br />
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The functions of the Prime Minister under the 1965 independence constitution of The Gambia

THE FUNCTIONS OF THE PRIME MINISTER UNDER THE 1965 INDEPENDENT CONSTITUTION OF THE GAMBIA Introduction The Gambia became a political...

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The functions of the Governor-General under the independence constitution of The Gambia

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<b>FUNCTIONS OF THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL UNDER THE 1965 INDEPENDENCE CONSTITUTION OF THE GAMBIA </b></div>
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<b><i>Introduction </i></b></div>
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On the 18th of February, 1965, The Gambia became a
politically independent country, having been granted independent status by the
British colonial powers. A new constitution was introduced with the coming of
independence. Though the Queen of England remained the Head of State, she was
only a nominal head, represented by a Governor, a British national.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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The constitution made provision for the position of a
Governor-General. At independence, the Governor-General was John Warburton Paul
until he left office on 9th February, 1966 to be replaced by Sir Farimang
Mamadi Singatehthe on the same day.</div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>FUNCTIONS OF THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL</b> </div>
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<i><b>Acted as the ceremonial head </b></i></div>
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The Governor-General, acted as the ceremonial Head of State.
He was responsible for ceremonial functions like, opening parliamentary
sessions, inspecting guards of honour, receiving credentials from ambassadors
and High commissioners. He represented the Queen of England who was resident in
London.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><i>Gave assent to bills</i></b> </div>
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Another function of the Governor-General was to give assent
to bills that had been passed in the House of Representatives. Though the major
duty of passing laws was that of the House of Representatives, after the bills
are passed, it needs the signature of the Governor-General before it can become
binding on the citizens.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p> </o:p> </div>
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<b><i>Appointed the Prime Minister </i></b></div>
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The independent constitution stipulated that the party which
controls the majority seats in parliament gets its leader appointed as the
Prime Minister. It was one of the functions of the Governor-General to appoint
the Premier.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p> </o:p> </div>
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<b><i>Power of prerogative</i></b> </div>
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The Governor-General could pardon prisoners under the power
of prerogative of mercy. He could commit a death penalty to life imprisonment.
He could pardon prisoners and get them freed on grounds of ill-health.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<img alt="Gambia, Flag, National Flag, Nation" src="https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2013/07/13/14/15/gambia-162299__340.png" /> </div>
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<b><i>Prorogued the National Assembly</i></b> </div>
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To prorogue is a language that is used to describe the
coming to an end of a parliamentary session. This is usually associated with a
ceremony in the House of Representatives. One of the functions of the
Governor-General was to close a parliamentary session.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p> </o:p> </div>
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<b><i>Power to remove Prime Minister </i></b></div>
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The Governor-General had the power to remove the Prime
Minister from office. This could however happen if the Prime Minister lost the
confidence of the members of the House of Representatives.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><i>Power to dismiss ministers </i></b></div>
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The Governor-General also had the power to dismiss a
minister of government when that minister misbehaves or goes contrary to the
provisions of his position. However, this was done under the recommendation of
the Prime Minister.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>SAMPLE QUESTION(S) </b></div>
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1. a. Describe the position of the Governor-General under
the 1965 independent constitution of The Gambia. </div>
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<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">    </span>b. Highlight five
of the functions performed by the Governor-General under the constitution.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<b>ALSO READ:</b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://www.virtualkollage.com/2018/05/the-main-features-of-1965-independent-constitution-of-The-Gambia.html" target="_blank">The main features of the independent constitution of The Gambia</a></div>
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The functions of the Governor-General under the independence constitution of The Gambia

FUNCTIONS OF THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL UNDER THE 1965 INDEPENDENCE CONSTITUTION OF THE GAMBIA Introduction On the 18th of February, 1...

The main features of the 1965 independent constitution of The Gambia

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<img alt="Outline Map Gambia Geography Country Maps" height="259" src="https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2014/04/12/15/01/outline-322491__340.jpg" width="640" /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><b>THE MAIN
FEATURES OF THE INDEPENDENCE CONSTITUTION OF THE GAMBIA</b></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><b><i>Introduction</i></b></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">On the 18<sup>th</sup> of
February, 1965, The Gambia became a politically independent country, having
been granted independent status by the British colonial powers. A new
constitution was introduced with the coming of independence. Though the Queen
of England remained the Head of State, she was only a nominal head, represented
by a Governor, a British national.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>FEATURES OF THE GAMBIA’S INDEPENDENCE CONSTITUTION</b></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><b><i>The
Executive – Governor-General</i></b></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
constitution made provision for the position of a Governor-General. The
Governor-General was appointed by the Cabinet of the Gambia and he exercised
the powers that were hitherto exercised by the Queen. At independence, the
Governor-General was John Warburton Paul until he left office on 9<sup>th</sup>
February, 1966 to be replaced by Sir Farimang Mamadi Singatehthe same day.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><b><i>The
Executive – Prime Minister</i></b></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
constitution also made provision for the position of a Prime Minister. The
constitution empowered the Governor-General to appoint a Prime Minister if his
or her party emerged as the dominant party in the National Assembly after a
general election. The Prime Minister was therefore leader of the majority party
in Parliament. At independence in 1965, Sir Dawda Jawara was appointed as the
country’s first Prime Minister. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><b><i>The
Legislature</i></b></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
constitution made provision for the establishment of a 32 seat unicameral
legislature and it was referred to as the House of Representatives. In
addition, provision was made for a Speaker of Parliament to preside over the
conduct of proceedings of the National Assembly. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">Hon. Sir Alieu Sulayman Jack continued
to serve as the Speaker of the house till he left office in 1972.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<img alt="Gambia, Country, International, Flag, 3D" src="https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2017/08/23/18/37/gambia-2673806__340.png" /></div>
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<b style="font-size: 12pt;"><i>The
Judiciary</i></b></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">The constitution
made provisions for a judiciary, hierarchical in structure. It was designed much
like that of the British. The highest court of appeal, however, remained the
Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12pt;"><i><b>Guaranteeing
of Fundamental Human Rights</b></i></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
constitution made provisions for the guarantee of the fundamental human rights
of the people. It allowed for free speech, freedom of movement, religion,
political persuasion, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>SAMPLE QUESTION(S)</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Highlight the main features of the independent
constitution of The Gambia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>ALSO READ:</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.virtualkollage.com/2018/04/the-main-features-of-1960-independent-constitution-of-Nigeria.html" target="_blank">The main features of the independent constitution of Nigeria</a></span></div>
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The main features of the 1965 independent constitution of The Gambia

THE MAIN FEATURES OF THE INDEPENDENCE CONSTITUTION OF THE GAMBIA Introduction On the 18 th of February, 1965, The Gambia became a p...

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The main functions of the National Assembly under the 1960 independence constitution of Nigeria

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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Nigeria, Coat, Arm" src="https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2018/03/15/11/13/nigeria-3227878__340.png" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>THE MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY UNDER THE 1960
INDEPENDENT CONSTITUTION OF NIGERIA<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>Introduction</b><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The 1960 independent constitution of Nigeria came into effect
on 1<sup>st</sup> October, 1960, a day Nigeria was declared independent from
Britain. The new constitution made provisions for the creation of a National
Assembly made up of two chambers of the legislature, the House of
Representative and the House of Senate. The House of Representatives,
constituted the lower house and the House of Senate, constituted the upper
house.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>FUNCTIONS OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>The enactment of laws</b><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">One of the main functions of the National Assembly is to make
laws to ensure the maintenance of peace and order in the country. Under the
procedure prescribed by the constitution, a draft bill is sent to the House of
Representatives for debate and possibly passed into law. After passing through
the required stages and passed, the bill is sent to the House of Senate for a
second look. When this is approved, it is sent to the President append his
signature to become a law.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>Approval of annual
budget</b><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Another function of the National Assembly is to approve the
annual budget. The budget contains the details of how government intends to
raise money and spend it in the ensuing year. The executive cannot just raise
money and spend without recourse to the National Assembly. Without this
approval, the government cannot go ahead with its financial activities in the
coming year.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>Approval of government appointments</b><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is the function of the National Assembly to approve the
nominations for appointment from the executive arm of the government. The list of nominees for appointment is sent to the National Assembly and the nominees appear
before the house for vetting. Until the nominees are approved by the house, the
executive has no power to appoint them to their substantive positions.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>Approval of major government
policies</b><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Apart from the approval of the annual budget by the National
Assembly, the house also has the power to approve all major policies of
government before they can be implemented. If the government enters into a loan
agreement with a foreign government or with the International Monetary Fund,
for example, the loan agreement must be brought before the National Assembly for
scrutiny and approval.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>Scrutinize the
activities of government</b><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The National Assembly is charged under the 1960 constitution
to check the activities of the executive to ensure that they comply with the
tenets of their office. This is done during question time in the house. A
minister of government or anybody accredited to stand for him, can be summoned
before the National Assembly where he/she is thoroughly grilled on any problems
going on in his ministry. </span>This aspect of the work of the National Assembly under the 1960 independent constitution keeps the executive on its toes as regards how it runs the affairs of the country.<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>Check malfeasance </b><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Another function of the National Assembly is the control the
misuse of government funds. Every year, the Auditor-General is mandated to present
to the House an audited account of all the ministries, departments and agencies
of government. Where any anomalies are detected, the appropriate steps are
recommended for the lost monies to be recovered or the culprits arraigned
before a court of competent jurisdiction. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>SAMPLE QUESTION(S)</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. What six functions were performed by the National Assembly
under the 1960 independent constitution of Nigeria?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>ALSO READ:</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://www.virtualkollage.com/2018/04/the-main-features-of-1960-independent-constitution-of-Nigeria.html" target="_blank">The main features of the 1960 independent constitution of Nigeria</a></span></div>
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The main functions of the National Assembly under the 1960 independence constitution of Nigeria

THE MAIN FUNCTIONS OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY UNDER THE 1960 INDEPENDENT CONSTITUTION OF NIGERIA Introduction The 1960 independent c...

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The factors that must be in existence for a successful deployment of e-government

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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>FACTORS THAT MUST BE IN EXISTENCE FOR A SUCCESSFUL ROLE OUT OF E-GOVERNMENT</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><b>Definition of E-governance</b></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Electronic governance refers to the idea of government agencies using Information, Communication and Technology to serve their publics, instead of or in addition to the traditional-human contact. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>FACTORS FOR A SUCCESSFUL E-GOVERNANCE</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><b>Nationwide telephone facility</b></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
One of the factors that must be in place for a successful deployment of E-governance is nationwide telephone coverage. The tools used in E-governance include telephone, sms, fax, etc., therefore the absence of a telephone facility can frustrate the successful implementation of the project.  In addition to the availability of a telephone infrastructure, it must work constantly. Any time there is a disruption in telephony; E-government may grind to a halt.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><b>Nationwide internet coverage</b></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Another necessity for the successful roll-out of E-governance is nationwide internet coverage. Some of the tools used in E-governance depend entirely on the internet. If there is no internet, the services that would be provided to clients would be disrupted. For example, whenever the internet is down, clients cannot access the website of a government agency to apply for any service. The internet, where available, must be stable at all times to ensure a seamless delivery of service.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><b>Nationwide electrical energy supply</b></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The constant availability of electricity is also an important factor in the preparation for the launching and maintenance of E-governance. Most of the infrastructure used in E-governance use electricity to function. Where there is no electricity, it would be difficult for the government agencies or other providers of E-government services to function. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i><br /></i></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><b>Access to computer</b></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
To access E-governance, one must have access to a computer. Some other factor which must be in existence for E-governance to function is that people must have access to computers. In recent times, there are Smart Phones which can do the things that a computer can do and therefore Smart Phones can replace computers for those, especially in the developing nations, who cannot afford computers.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><b>Literate citizenry</b></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
To access some facilities of E-governance, one needs to be able to read in the language in which the service is being provided. In most cases, unless one is being aided, one needs to follow prompts to complete the process. If one is unable to read, then there is a handicap and the purpose of E-governance would not be achieved.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i><br /></i></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><b>Computer Literacy</b></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
This is also very crucial in the deployment of E-governance for the simple reason that, if computer literacy is absent, there may not be people to employ, in the first place, to man the facilities at the various delivery points. Aside that, for those who would want to access the services personally, they would not know how to go about it except to depend on third-parties. This can also compromise the personal data of individuals.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><b>Government Commitment</b></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In addition to all the above, the government of the day must be committed to the deployment of E-governance. The provision of the infrastructure requires huge initial investments and therefore the government must be willing to invest in the provision of the main frame on which E-governance is built.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>SAMPLE QUESTION(S)</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
1. Highlight six factors that must be available for the successful deployment of E-government in your country.<br />
<br />
<b>ALSO READ:</b><br />
<a href="http://www.virtualkollage.com/2017/11/-what-is-electronic-government-and-how-is-it-deployed.html" target="_blank">What is e-government? What tools are used in deploying -government? </a><br />
<a href="http://www.virtualkollage.com/2017/11/institutions-in-ghana-that-have-rolled-out-e-government.html" target="_blank">Institutions in Ghana that use electronic government </a></div>
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The factors that must be in existence for a successful deployment of e-government

FACTORS THAT MUST BE IN EXISTENCE FOR A SUCCESSFUL ROLE OUT OF E-GOVERNMENT Definition of E-governance Electronic governance refers t...

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Posted by Chester Morton / Saturday, 11 November 2017 / No comments

Institutions in Ghana which have rolled out E-governance

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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>AGENCIES IN GHANA THAT DEPLOY E-GOVERNANCE</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><b>Definition of E-governance</b></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Electronic governance refers to the idea of government agencies using Information, Communication and Technology to serve their publics, instead of or in addition to the traditional-human contact. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>THE AGENCIES THAT ROLE OUT E-GOVERNANCE</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><b>The Ghana Armed Forces</b></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The various units of the Ghana Armed Forces, including the Army, Police, Prisons Service, immigration Service, Customs, Excise and Preventive Service, all use E-governance to serve their publics. Application forms of these military units are uploaded onto their servers to be accessed by the public after the payment of the required amunt. When an application is received, for example, a text message could be sent to the applicant to acknowledge receipt of the application. To arrange for interviews, an email could be use or the telephone could be employed to disseminate that information.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><b>Universities</b></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The universities in Ghana, including both the public and the private ones, use E-governance to serve their clients. In the particular case of the public universities, cash is paid at a designated bank and a code taken. This code is used to access the school’s website and an application form completed. From then onward email, sms or the telephone is employed to facilitate the admission process.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><b>The Registrar General’s Department</b></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
At this government agency, clients can apply for business registration from any part of the country by visiting their website and completing the necessary forms.  Once the application forms are submitted, the I.C.T. tools are employed to inform the client as to which stage the application has reached. The client may not necessarily have to physically go to the Registrar General’s Department.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><b>National Health Insurance Scheme</b></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
National Health Insurance Secretariat registers clients onto their health insurance scheme. The client can then access health service at any accredited health facility. Their system is networked so from any district of the country, once a person is paid up, he or she is permitted to access the service.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><b>West Africa Examinations Council (WAEC)</b></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The West African Examinations Council has deployed E-governance at several stages of the services they provide to the public. To register for a particular examination can be done online. To check one’s results can be done online. They employ bio-metric tools such as picture and finger-print identity authentication tools, to check impersonation by negative elements in the society.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><b>The passport office</b></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
At the passport office, under the Immigration Service of Ghana, clients do no longer inundate the office, making it congested. The passport form is uploaded unto their server to be accessed by clients who have made the necessary payments for the services they require. For example, a person pays for a passport application form at a designated bank, completes the form online and submits. The person receives a sms acknowledging receipt of the form. A date is set for the client to come and take a picture to be put in the passport. Then, depending on which of application forms (normal or fast track) purchased, the date for collection is given to the client. At each stage of the process, the client is alerted. Finally, the client receives a sms to come for the passport. In certain cases, a courier is arranged to send the passport to the client at home for a fee.<br />
<br />
<i><b>Ghana Ports & Harbours Authority</b></i><br />
This institution has deployed an E-governance protocol to seamlessly serve its clients. Agents request delivery of service from Ghana Ports and Habour Authority by providing the GPHA with an ID number and service required date using the Ghana Integrated Cargo Clearance System (GICCS) interface. The GPHA will generate a Preliminary Terminal Handling Invoice (PTHI). The Agent is notified of the Invoice through an email from GICCS. The agent makes the necessary payment on e-payment platform. Agent is notified electronically of the payment he has made E-payment platform receives payment and sends payment notification to GICCS GPHA schedule container(s) [of goods to be cleared] for pick-up or positioning for inspection and notifications are sent to appropriate inspection agencies [customs or other agencies contracted to do same.<br />
<br />
Inspection agencies receive notification on the position or location of containers due for examination.<br />
Agent goes to the appropriate terminal for delivery of Containers Agent is verified bio-metrically by swiping his ID card Inspection Agents perform examination of cargo and release cargo for delivery<br />
Agent will receive supplementary invoice on GICCS if there’s any extra money to be paid through email, makes payment and receive notification.<br />
<br />
E-payment platform will receive payment and send payment notification to GICCS. GPHA will generate waybill, upload a copy of the waybill on GICCS, send a copy via email and print a copy for the truck driver and both truck and driver are gated out.<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>SAMPLE QUESTION(S)</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
1. a. Explain the concept of E-governance.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
    b. List six institutions in Ghana that deploy E-governance.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
     c. Describe how the institutions mentioned above use I.C.T to serve their clients.<br />
<br />
<b>ALSO READ:</b><br />
<a href="http://www.virtualkollage.com/2017/11/-what-is-electronic-government-and-how-is-it-deployed.html" target="_blank">What is E-government? How is it deployed?</a></div>
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Institutions in Ghana which have rolled out E-governance

AGENCIES IN GHANA THAT DEPLOY E-GOVERNANCE Definition of E-governance Electronic governance refers to the idea of government agencies...

What is electronic government, what tools are used in deploying it?

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<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>ELECTRONIC GOVERNANCE</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><b>Definition</b></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Electronic governance refers to the idea of government agencies using Information, Communication and Technology to serve their publics, instead of or in addition to the traditional-human contact. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>TOOLS USED IN DEPLOYING E-GOVERNANCE</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Several tools are used in making e-governance work, including but not limited to the telephone, text messages, faxes, closed circuit television, the internet, bio-metric identification etc.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i>The Telephone</i></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Any device that is able to convert acoustic vibration to electrical signals with the ability to transmit same over long distances can be called a telephone. It could a fixed line or a mobile handset. In E-governance, the telephone is used to hold discussions with two or more people without them having to physically meet. It could be used to arrange a meeting between a government agency and a client.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i>Short Messaging Service (SMS)</i></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
A short messaging service allows for a user to send a text message from one device to another. It is usually a 160 character text per message. Sms is used in E-governance to alert a client when his or her application for a service has been received. It is also used to inform an applicant about the various stages his or her application has reached. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><b>The Fax Machine</b></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
A fax refers to the process where a document is scanned and transmitted to another point through the use of fax machines. The fax is usually facilitated by telecommunication links between one fax machine and the other. This method is resorted to in E-governance when the exact replica of a document was required from a client or the vice versa. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i>Closed circuit television</i></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
A closed circuit television is a system by which a perimeter is closely watched with the help of a camera and a monitoring screen. In other words, motion or still pictures are transmitted to a surveillance point to determine a course of action. In E-governance, the closed circuit television is used to watch the streets, for example, to check for traffic offences or to watch who comes in or go out of a premise at a given time.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><b><br /></b></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><b>Bio-metric Identification</b></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
This is the use of one or more of the biological traits of a human to determine the identity of a particular person. In most cases, the finger-print is employed. At other times, for higher security clearance, the voice waves or DNA could be employed. In E-governance, the bio-metric identification is used to identify an individual or to differentiate one individual from the other. For a service to be provided, this differentiation needs to be done.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i>Smart Card</i></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
A smart card, usually made of plastic, has a computer chip embedded at one end and can be used to store data or to process same. As an E-governance tool, it is used to authenticate identity before a payment is processed. It is used by government agencies to make payment to citizens of the state.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><i>Internet</i></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The Internet is a system by which several computers in different locations of the planet are connected and can communicate with one another. Anything that is uploaded onto the internet can be accessed by anyone who has the permission to do so. In E-governance, the Internet is widely employed to offer services to clients. For example, applications for admissions, for passport application forms, drivers license application forms etc., are uploaded onto the government agent’s server to be downloaded by clients. </div>
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<b>SAMPLE QUESTION(S)</b></div>
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1. Highlight six methods that are employed in E-governance to propagate an E-government service.</div>
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<br /></div>
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2. Discuss six non-internet based tools employed in the deployment of E-governance.<br />
<b><br /></b>
<b>ALSO READ:</b><br />
<a href="http://www.virtualkollage.com/2017/11/institutions-in-ghana-that-have-rolled-out-e-government.html" target="_blank">Institutions in Ghana which have rolled out e-government </a></div>
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What is electronic government, what tools are used in deploying it?

ELECTRONIC GOVERNANCE Definition Electronic governance refers to the idea of government agencies using Information, Communication...

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Posted by Chester Morton / Friday, 23 June 2017 / No comments

The functions, powers and limitations of the Governor-General under the 1957 independent constitution of Ghana

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<b>THE FUNCTIONS AND
POWERS OF THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL UNDER THE INDEPENDENT CONSTITUTION OF GHANA<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Introduction<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">On the 6<sup>th</sup> of March 1957, Ghana became the
first country south of the Sahara to attain political independence from their
colonial masters, the British. This independence came along with a constitution
which was to guide the conduct of the affairs of the new nation. The
constitution made provision for the position of a Governor-General. The
Governor-General was appointed by the Monarch in London but this was mostly
under the recommendations of the British Cabinet. The Governor-General
represented the British Monarch in Ghana and carried out functions that would
otherwise have been performed by the Queen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">FUNCTIONS OF
THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">As a ceremonial head<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">The Governor-General was the Head of State so he
performed the functions that would otherwise ....have been performed by the queen
of England if she was resident in Ghana. The Governor-General carried out
ceremonial functions such as the receipt of foreign dignitaries, attendance of
national parades etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Assent to Bills<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">It was the duty of the Governor-General to give his
assent to bills emanating from the National Assembly before they could become
effective. Without the Governor-General’s assent, the law could not be
implemented. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Appointment of the Prime Minister<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Another function of the Governor-General under the independent
constitution of Ghana was to appoint the Prime Minister. After each general
election, the leader of the party that emerged victorious at the polls and
obtained majority seats in the National Assembly was appointed by the
Governor-General as the Prime Minister. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Appointment of Ministers of State<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Another responsibility of the Governor-General was to
appoint Ministers of State. These appointments were mainly under the
recommendations of the Prime Minister.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Prerogative of Mercy<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">The Governor-General exercised the power of prerogative
of mercy. In other words, he had the power to set a convicted prisoner free or
commute his/her death sentence to life imprisonment on grounds such as
compassion. Every year, a list of names was generated by the then Prisons
Service of people who qualified to be pardoned by the Governor-General under
his prerogative powers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Commander-in-Chief<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">The Governor-General was the Commander-in-Chief of the
armed forces of Ghana. He was the only person who could deploy troops to any
part of the country and even outside the territorial jurisdictions of the
country. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">LIMITATIONS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Control by
the Constitution<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Though the Governor-General was the Head of State and
was granted powers under the new constitution, he was guided by the dictates of
the constitution. He could not take any action that was in violation of the
constitution. The constitution was therefore a major limitation to the powers
and functions of the Governor-General.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Recommendations of the Prime Minister<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">The constitution made provisions for the
Governor-General to act on the recommendations of the Prime Minister, for
example, in the appointment of Ministers of State and Justices of the Appeal
Court. He was therefore limited because he acted on the advice of another
power.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">The Local Press<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">The Local press was also a limiting factor for the
Governor-General. By the time of independence, the Ghanaian News Stands were
replete with very vocal Newspapers that did not spare any opportunity to
express their views on matters of national importance. The Governor-General was
therefore kept at bay by the fear of being criticized in the newspapers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Public Opinion<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">The Governor-General was guided by Public Opinion both
in the Local Press, in Ghana and in the British Press in the Metropolitan
capital. In other words, the opinions that were shaped, in the Ghanaian and
British Press could influenced the Governor-General as to which actions to
take.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">SAMPLE
QUESTIONS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">1.Highlight six functions of the Governor-General
under the independence constitution of Ghana.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">2. a. Discuss three of the functions performed by the
Governor-General as prescribed under the 1957 independence constitution of
Ghana.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">    b. In which
three ways were the powers of the Governor-General limited under the
constitution?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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The functions, powers and limitations of the Governor-General under the 1957 independent constitution of Ghana

THE FUNCTIONS AND POWERS OF THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL UNDER THE INDEPENDENT CONSTITUTION OF GHANA Introduction On the 6 th of March 1957,...

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Posted by Chester Morton / Thursday, 22 June 2017 / No comments

The main features of the 1957 independence constitution of Ghana

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<img alt="Flag Ghana Red Yellow Green Black Star Bac" src="https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2016/06/29/23/07/flag-1488005__340.jpg" /><br />
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>THE MAIN
FEATURES OF THE INDEPENDENCE CONSTITUTION OF GHANA<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>Introduction<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">On the 6<sup>th</sup> of March 1957, Ghana became the
first country south of the Sahara to attain political independence from their
colonial masters, the British. This independence came along with a constitution
which was to guide the conduct of the affairs of the new nation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>FEATURES OF
GHANA’S INDEPENDENCE CONSTITUTION<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>The Executive – Governor-General<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">The constitution made provision for the position of a
Governor-General. The Governor-General was appointed by the Monarch in London
but this was mostly under the recommendation of the British Cabinet. The
Governor-General represented the British Monarch in Ghana and carried out
functions that would otherwise have been carried out by the Queen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>The Executive – Prime Minister<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">The constitution also made provision for the position
of a Prime Minister. The constitution empowered the Governor-General to appoint
a Prime Minister but this was to happen only after his or her party emerged as
the dominant party in the National Assembly after a general election. The Prime
Minister was therefore leader of the majority party in Parliament.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>The Legislature<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">The constitution made provision for the establishment
of a bicameral legislature and it was referred to as the National Assembly. It
had a membership of 104 excluding the Governor-General. In addition, provision
was made for a Speaker of Parliament to preside over the conduct of proceedings
of the National Assembly.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>Regional Assemblies<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">The constitution made provisions for the creation of
Regional Assemblies for all the then existing regions. There were sectors like health,
education, communication, agriculture, local government, town and country
planning in the respective regions, came under the purview of Regional Assemblies.
Also any matters that were referred to them by the National Assembly from time
to time were added to their role.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>Regional Houses of Chiefs<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">The independence constitution also created Regional
Houses of chiefs in all the regions at the time. These Regional Houses of
Chiefs handled matters that were referred to it by the National Assembly. It
was also tasked to deal with chieftaincy matters.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<i><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>The Judiciary<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">The constitution made provisions for a judiciary which
was hierarchically structured, much like what pertained in Britain. There was to
be created a Court of Appeal, High Court, Circuit Court, District Court, Juvenile
Court and the Family Court. The highest court of appeal, however, remained the
Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>Guaranteeing of Fundamental Human Rights<o:p></o:p></b></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">The constitution made provisions to guarantee the
fundamental human rights of the people of the land. It allowed for free speech,
freedom of movement, religion, political persuasion, etc. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;"><b>SAMPLE
QUESTION(S)<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">1. Highlight six of the main features of the
independent constitution of Ghana.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; text-align: justify;">
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The main features of the 1957 independence constitution of Ghana

THE MAIN FEATURES OF THE INDEPENDENCE CONSTITUTION OF GHANA Introduction On the 6 th of March 1957, Ghana became the first country ...

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Posted by Chester Morton / Tuesday, 18 April 2017 / No comments

Why the African Union was formed to replace the Organization of African Unity

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<img alt="Earth Globe Moon World Planet Earth Globe" src="https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2016/05/01/21/20/earth-1365995__340.jpg" /><br />
<b>WHY THE AFRICAN UNION WAS FORMED TO
REPLACE THE ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY</b><br />
<b><i>Introduction</i></b><br />
After twenty-one years of existence of the Organization of African Union, the organization was disbanded and another one formed to replace it. At the time the change was made, the Chairman of the African Union Organization was Mr. Thabo Mbeki, the then president of the Republic of South Africa. The new organization is called the African union or AU. There were several reasons why this step was taken.<br />
<b><br /></b></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><b>Interest of African Leaders</b></i></span></div>
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The O.A.U. had protected the
interests of African leaders without addressing the real problems of the
continent. Only the leaders mattered, the followers did not matter.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><b>Non-interference </b></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The Organization of African Unity
was not able to deal with the problem of extreme cases of human rights abuse
among member states because of the principle of non-interference in the
internal affairs of Member-States. This had prevented the organization from
taking required steps in dealing with such cases.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><b>African Marginalization</b></i></span></div>
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The Organization of African Unity
had not been able to do anything about the economic marginalization of the
African continent. Africa seemed to have left behind by the rest of the world
and the O.A.U. was unable to do nothing to address the problem.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><b>Dictator Regimes</b></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Democracy was under a serious
threat by the presence and frequent emergence of despotic regimes in the African
states. This was not good enough for the fledgling democracy of the continent.
There was also a threat to the principle of rule of law and good governance. These
principles were negotiable if the continent was to develop. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><b>Involvement of Civil Society</b></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The Organization of African Unity
did not involve civil society in its operations and there were no mechanisms
for doing so. This was considered as a loophole which alienated the
organization from the ordinary African. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><b>Non-recognition of women</b></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The structures and operations of
the O.A.U. failed to integrate women, youth and the marginalized youth.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><b>OAU at a Cross-road</b></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
By the end of the 20th century, all
African countries had become sovereign states. There was, therefore, no
struggle against colonialism or battle against Apartheid South Africa. The O.A.U. got
to a cross-road and did not to know which direction to take.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><b>Internal Conflicts</b></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The Organization of African Unity
had been demobilized by internal conflicts and self-serving leaders. If the
continent was to get out of the woods and make any meaningful progress, the situation
as it was, had to change.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><b>Economic & Political
integration</b></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The O.A.U. had failed to achieve
political and economic integration among member states. This had defeated the basic
reason for its formation which was unity.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
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Why the African Union was formed to replace the Organization of African Unity

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The aims and objectives of the Fante Confederacy

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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>THE FANTE CONFEDERACY</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>Introduction</b></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Fante confederacy was an example of a proto-nationalist
movement which was formed in 1868 in Mankesim. It is the first
proto-nationalist group to be formed. It was formed by a combination of people
from the southern part of the Gold Coast, their chiefs and the educated elite.
Several reasons have been advanced for its formation.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>AIMS AND OBJECTIVES</b></span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Friendly relationship</span></i></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">One of the aims of the confederacy was to ensure that there
is peace and harmony among the kings and chiefs of Fante land so that they can
ward off external aggression and also be able to attack states that are a
threat to them.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>Provision of social amenities</b></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Another aim of the confederacy was to ensure the provision of
social amenities such as schools and roads in the confederacy.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>Enhance agricultural and industrial activity</b></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Also, the confederacy aimed at the promotion of agricultural
and industrial activities that have the capacity to bring wealth to their land.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>Development of natural resources</b></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It was also the aim of the Fante Confederacy to promote the
development of the natural resources of the state which includes the mineral
resources.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>Stand up to the British</b></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Confederacy also aimed at standing up to the British and
fighting to be the determinants of their own affairs. It was also to prevent
the British from taking over their rights.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>Unite against Europeans</b></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Finally, the confederacy was aimed at presenting a combined
power against the people of Europe.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE
FANTE CONFEDERACY</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>United front</b></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">One of the achievements of the Fante Confederacy was that it
was able to bring together the various elements which were at play at the time.
It brought together the Fante and non-Fante speaking states and the educated elite
and the British were not able to break their front. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>The Dutch withdrawal</b></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The confederacy was able to prevent the Dutch from continuing
with their attempt to establish themselves at the coast. This is in spite of
the fact that their departure strengthened the hands of the British along the
coast.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>The raising of an army</b></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Another achievement of the confederacy was the fact that it
was able to put together a fifteen thousand strong army that was able to help
to ward off the Dutch who wanted to take over their territories.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>Generation of own revenue</b></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The confederacy was able to generate its own revenue to carry
out its activities. For example, the confederacy was able to impose taxes and
other duties which were administered by a Poll Tax Commissioner appointed in
each of the member-states.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>Creation of a confederal government </b></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The confederacy brought unity to the southern states in both
the central and the western provinces. The Confederacy was able to bring the
states together by the adoption of one constitution. In other words,
constitution saw the creation of a confederal government.</span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>National Supreme Court</b></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Confederacy was able to set a National Supreme Court. One
of the main functions of this court was to serve as the final arbiter in the settlement
of cases that are brought before it. </span></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>SAMPLE QUESTIONS</b></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. a. What were the main reasons for the formation of the
Fante Confederacy?</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">b. Highlight five aims for the formation of the Fante
Confederacy.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Highlight six
achievements of the Fante Confederacy.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3. a. What were the aims and objectives of the Fante
Confederacy?</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">    </span>b. Advance three
reasons why you would say the Confederacy was successful.</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="http://virtualkollage.blogspot.com/2017/01/the-aims-and-objectives-of-fante.html" target="_blank">The aims and objectives of the Fante Confederacy</a> </span></div>
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The aims and objectives of the Fante Confederacy

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