The effects of the agents of weathering on rocks

<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> </div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"> <img alt="Antelope Canyon, Sandstone, Canyon" src="https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2016/01/08/18/00/antelope-canyon-1128815__340.jpg" /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>ROCKS<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b><i>Definition</i></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">These are naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals. There are three types of rocks. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b><i>Igneous Rocks</i></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">These are rocks formed from molten lava(eruptions from volcanoes) when it cools down and solidifies. They contain primary minerals like quartz, feldspar, etc. Examples of igneous rocks are granite, quartz, gabbro, and diorite.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b><i>Sedimentary rocks</i></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">These are rocks formed from settling or sticking together of broken down particles of other rocks. Examples of sedimentary rocks include shale, sandstone, dolomite, and limestone.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b><i>Metamorphic rocks</i></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">These are rocks formed by subjecting any type of rock either igneous rocks or sedimentary rocks to different temperature and pressure conditions than those in which the original rocks were formed. Examples of this include marble, sandstone, schist, etc.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>WEATHERING OF ROCKS<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">This refers to the gradual process that disintegrates, decomposes or crumbles rock into smaller rock particles by agents such as water, changes in temperature, pressure, chemicals, atmospheric oxygen, wind and roots of plants.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>EFFECTS OF AGENTS OF WEATHERING<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>PHYSICAL AGENTS</b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">This refers to the mechanical breakdown of rocks into smaller particles. In physical weathering, there is no change in the chemical composition of the rock. Examples of physicals include; effects of temperature, wind, water, moving ice and pressure.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">     <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b><i>Temperature<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">This refers to the degree of hotness or coldness of a place.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">In hotter regions when the temperatures are high, rocks expand when heated and contract when cooled. The uneven expansion and contraction of rock minerals cause cracking and disintegration of rocks into smaller particles       <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">In colder regions when the temperature falls below freezing point, water in the crevices of rocks solidifies and expands in the process, causing the rocks to crack under stress.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">      </span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>CHEMICAL AGENTS<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">This refers to the breakdown of rocks into smaller particles as a result of various chemical processes. Some of the agents include:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b><i>Carbonation</i></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">This refers to the reaction of carbonic acid with rocks to break it down<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><i><b>Hydrolysis</b></i></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">This refers to the chemical reaction between a substance and water which leads to the breakdown of the bond between hydrogen and oxygen in water.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b><i>Hydration</i></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">This refers to the process by which water becomes attached to the surface of a substance<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b><i>Reduction</i></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">This simply refers to the addition of hydrogen or removal of oxygen from a substance.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><i><b>Oxidation</b></i></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">This means the addition of oxygen or removal of hydrogen<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">  </span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;"><b>BIOLOGICAL AGENTS</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">This refers to the breakdown of rocks into smaller particles by activities of living things. Agents involved in biological weathering of rocks include the following:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">a.       The pressure influenced by animals such as elephant<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">b.      The passage of the roots of plants through cracks in rocks<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt;">c.       The boring activities of organisms such as earthworms.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <br />

The effects of the agents of weathering on rocks

ROCKS Definition These are naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more minerals. There are three types of rocks.  Igneou...

The digestive system in humans

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*/ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0in; mso-para-margin-right:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0in; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;} </style> <![endif]--> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipJ9VTDPrl0xLgUI8WIJ04QIR7Gl3H5leHCIrMPueP4l9n669QhsNSL8Bp-4G3NFImIHUQ9ZXNlqLFtDKf8e_3CfQ_KQRb-1pTKSK7ILgAat-k5_4kwTe4UTjRL9kKVtlYwqaTnaCKv_5q/s1600/digestive.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEipJ9VTDPrl0xLgUI8WIJ04QIR7Gl3H5leHCIrMPueP4l9n669QhsNSL8Bp-4G3NFImIHUQ9ZXNlqLFtDKf8e_3CfQ_KQRb-1pTKSK7ILgAat-k5_4kwTe4UTjRL9kKVtlYwqaTnaCKv_5q/s320/digestive.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b>THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM IN HUMAN<o:p></o:p></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><i>Definition</i></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Digestion refers to the process whereby food substances are broken down into smaller particles for easy absorption. Digestion usually begins in the mouth and ends in the small intestines.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><i>The Mouth</i></b><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> In the mouth, the food is chew and broken down into smaller particles. The salivary gland secretes an enzyme call salivary amylase to begin the digestion of carbohydrate into maltose; it also secretes saliva to softens the food and provide a pH which is slightly alkaline to enable salivary amylase to act properly. <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><i>Oesophagus<o:p></o:p></i></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Here the enzyme calls salivary amylase continuous the conversion of carbohydrate into maltose.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <i><b>The stomach<o:p></o:p></b></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> In the stomach, digestion of protein begins here. The protease gland secretes enzymes call Pepsin and Renin and also hydrochloric acid which provides the suitable pH for Pepsin and Renin to act. The enzyme Pepsin breaks down protein into polypeptides and Renin coagulates and solidifies liquid protein for enzyme Pepsin to breakdown. <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><i>The duodenum</i></b><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> When the lives the stomach and on it way into the small intestine, the pancreas secretes the pancreatic juices which contain enzymes such as amylase to continue the conversion of carbohydrate, pepsin and renin to continue the conversion of protein into polypeptide and lipases to convert lipids into smaller droplets. The gallbladder also secretes the bile which is stored in the liver. The bile contains an enzyme call lipase which begins the conversion of fats and oil(lipids) into smaller droplets. <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><i>Small intestine</i></b><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> Digestion ends in the small intestine. The small intestine produces enzymes which complete the digestion of food substances. Examples include lactase to convert lactose to glucose and galactose. It also absorbs digested food substances into the body. The end product of carbohydrate is glucose, fructose and galactose; protein is amino acids and fats and oil(lipids) is fatty acids and glycerol. <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><i>Large intestine</i></b><o:p></o:p></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> This is the last part of the digestive system in most vertebrates; it extracts water and salt from solid wastes before they are eliminated from the body. It absorbs water, potassium and some fat soluble vitamins.<o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">      <a href="http://www.virtualkollage.com/" target="_blank"><<Back to Home Page</a></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> </div>

The digestive system in humans

THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM IN HUMAN Definition Digestion refers to the process whereby food substances are broken down into smaller ...

Cells and Tissues

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=8351913307657842898" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaZxptk5SZIns79mihIbkdXlMoYEBWCQ1c56riU9flnWcR3cUdOp8xFuSrCa5DzQjaVHTu4UosTsZBqxYO5OXU4QNda8nZPaZ95X4Rdw0z0OEft7NMf5jVFZs-u9t1zAPo245D_kIMIaLh/s1600/di.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjaZxptk5SZIns79mihIbkdXlMoYEBWCQ1c56riU9flnWcR3cUdOp8xFuSrCa5DzQjaVHTu4UosTsZBqxYO5OXU4QNda8nZPaZ95X4Rdw0z0OEft7NMf5jVFZs-u9t1zAPo245D_kIMIaLh/s320/di.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>THE CELL</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The cell is the basic, structural and functional unit of living organisms. There are two types of cells:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ANIMAL CELL and PLANT CELL<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>PARTS OF THE CELL AND THEIR FUNCTIONS</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>NUCLEUS<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is usually found in the centre of the cell. It contains nucleolus which is rich in RIBONUCLEIC ACID (R.N.A) and chromosomes which is made up of DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID(D.N.A).<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>FUNCTIONS</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is the powerhouse of the cell. That is it control all the metabolic activities in the cell.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It stores hereditary materials in the cell<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is responsible for cell division.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>CELL MEMBRANE/ PLASMA MEMBRANE</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is a thin- flexible semi-permeable membrane which forms a boundary around the cell.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>FUNCTIONS</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It prevents the cell from injury<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is a channel through which substances enter or live the cell<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>VACUOLE<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is a sac containing watery fluid. It normally occupies a large volume of the cell.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>FUNCTIONS<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is used to store foods in the cells<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It stores waste products of individual cell<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It imparts colour of food and flowers<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>MITOCHONDRION</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is a sausage-shaped organelle that is responsible for the breaking of food to release energy.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>FUNCTIONS</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It produces energy from respiration<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is responsible for the synthesis of amino acids<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is responsible for the synthesis of chlorophyll in plants. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>CELL WALL<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is made up of cellulose and found outside the cell membrane of plant cells.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>FUNCTIONS<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It supports and protects the plants<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It gives the cell its definite shape<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>CHLOROPLAST<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">These are small bodies containing the green-pigment call chlorophyll, which enables plants to manufacture their own food. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>CYTOPLASM</b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It is a transparent fluid which contains smaller parts of the cell call organelles.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>FUNCTIONS</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">All chemical reactions and life processes take place in the cytoplasm<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It helps in the inter-cellular distribution of \molecules, enzymes and nutrients.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It helps in the breakdown of glucose. <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PLANT CELL AND ANIMAL CELL<o:p></o:p></span></div> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"> <tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">PLANT CELL</span></div> </td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">ANIMAL CELL</span></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It has a cell wall</span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It has no cell wall</span></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It has chlorophyll</span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It has no chlorophyll</span></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It has a definite shape</span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It does not have a definite shape</span></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It has a large vacuole</span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It has a small vacuole</span></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It stores food as starch</span></div> </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It stores food as glycogen</span></div> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>SPECIALIZED CELLS</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">These are cells structurally adapted to perform specific functions. Some examples of specialized cells include the following:<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Examples of specialized cells and functions:</span></div> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Cell</span></div> </td><td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Function </span></div> </td></tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Muscle cell</span></div> </td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Relaxes and contracts to produce movement</span></div> </td></tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Red Blood Cell</span></div> </td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Carry oxygen from lungs to tissue</span></div> </td></tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">White Blood Cell</span></div> </td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Produces antibodies to fight against diseases</span></div> </td></tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"><td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nerve Cell</span></div> </td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Transmit nerve impulses</span></div> </td></tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"><td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sperm Cell</span></div> </td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fertilizes egg</span></div> </td></tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"><td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Palisade Cell</span></div> </td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Contains chlorophyll to carry out photosynthesis</span></div> </td></tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Leaf epidermal cell</span></div> </td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Allow light to enter the leaf and reach photosynthetic tissues below them. </span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b>TISSUE</b><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> A tissue is a group of similar cells, which are specialized and perform the same function. Example include Nerve tissue, blood tissue, vascular tissue, etc. <o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <b>SOME TYPES OF TISSUES AND THEIR FUNCTIONS:</b></div> <table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody> <tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"><td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">TISSUE</span></div> </td><td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">FUNCTION</span></div> </td></tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;"><td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Adipose tissue </span></div> </td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It insulates the body against heat. </span></div> </td></tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;"><td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Muscle tissue</span></div> </td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It contracts and relaxes to bring about movement</span></div> </td></tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;"><td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Skeletal tissue</span></div> </td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It provides support for the body</span></div> </td></tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;"><td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nerve tissue</span></div> </td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It conducts and co-ordinates impulse messages</span></div> </td></tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;"><td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Photosynthetic tissue</span></div> </td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It produces food</span></div> </td></tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;"><td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Phloem tissue</span></div> </td><td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It transports food</span></div> </td></tr> <tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;"><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: solid black 1.0pt; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Epidermal tissue</span></div> </td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It covers the surface of plants</span></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 11.25pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;"><td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 11.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Strengthening tissue</span></div> </td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 11.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It provides support for plants</span></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 12.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;"><td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Xylem tissue</span></div> </td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 12.75pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">It transport water and mineral salts</span></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 16.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;"><td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> <br /></div> </td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <br /></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"><td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.4pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> <br /></div> </td><td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 239.4pt;" valign="top" width="319"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;"> <br /></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div>

Cells and Tissues

THE CELL The cell is the basic, structural and functional unit of living organisms. There are two types of cells: ANIMAL CELL and...

The prevention and control of soil erosion

<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:RelyOnVML/> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU8gwV7nRpQ50c0PsnTY7Xui80hKz0tKm7kxURIpT1_rOHU0dqkiO5JWdHFA1VS_1GuVpetvWwa5KMf8iENZlND2X5KC46JyOxv27xJ0Uo9iLLbn2Pt96iXFL31GbMwcDxvNo4tTMWgTQN/s1600/ero.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU8gwV7nRpQ50c0PsnTY7Xui80hKz0tKm7kxURIpT1_rOHU0dqkiO5JWdHFA1VS_1GuVpetvWwa5KMf8iENZlND2X5KC46JyOxv27xJ0Uo9iLLbn2Pt96iXFL31GbMwcDxvNo4tTMWgTQN/s320/ero.jpg" width="320" /></a></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>SOIL EROSION</b><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This refers to the wearing and washing away of the top soil by agents such as man, wind, water.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><i><b>Factors influencing erosion<o:p></o:p></b></i></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Climate<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Topography<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Vegetation cover<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Activities of man <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>TYPES OF SOIL EROSION<i><o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><i>Sheet erosion</i></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This refers to the removal of a layer of topsoil over almost the entire land surface.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><i>Splash erosion</i></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This refers to the removal of the topsoil from a small area via a forceful fall of rain.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><i>Rill erosion</i></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This refers to the removal of the topsoil along narrow tracks or channels via raindrops falling on the soil.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><i>Gully erosion</i></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This refers to the removal of the topsoil by run-off water which has not sunk into the soil. When this occurs continuously, gullies are formed.<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF SOIL EROSION<o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Avoiding bush<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Avoiding overgrazing<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mulching<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terracing<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Strip cropping<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Erecting wind and water barriers<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Addition of organic matter<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <a href="http://www.virtualkollage.com/" style="text-indent: -0.25in;" target="_blank"><<Back to Home Page</a></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <a href="https://www.virtualkollage.com/p/integrated-science.html" target="_blank">Go to other topics in Integrated Science>></a></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <a href="https://www.virtualkollage.com/p/list-of-subjects.html" target="_blank">Go to the list of other subjects>></a></div> </div> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> 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The prevention and control of soil erosion

SOIL EROSION This refers to the wearing and washing away of the top soil by agents such as man, wind, water. Factors influenc...