Virtual Kollage: September 2016

Posted by Chester Morton / Saturday, 24 September 2016 / No comments

The benefits Ghana derives from her membership of the African Union

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<b style="font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">BENEFITS GHANA DERIVES FROM HER MEMBERSHIP OF THE AFRICAN
UNION</b><br />
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><i>Financial assistance<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">One of the benefits Ghana enjoys from her membership of the
African Union is financial help. There are financial institutions within the
African Union, such as the African Monetary Fund, African Investment Bank and
the African Development Bank which extend loan facilities to member states to
undertake major infrastructural projects.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><i>International Platform<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The Union has created an avenue for Ghana to air her views on
international issues. During the annual summits of the African Union,
opportunities are given to Heads of Member countries to address it. It is
during the giving of these addresses that the Head of State of a member state
gets the opportunity to express the views of his government on a particular
African or global issue.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><i><b>Image Booster</b><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Through Ghana's activities in the African Union, she becomes
a recognized voice among the nations of the world at large and Africa in
particular. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><i><b>Access to bigger markets<o:p></o:p></b></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The combined population of the member states of the African
Union is a huge market into which Ghana can export her products and services.
One can therefore argue that the African Union offers Ghana a bigger market
stage than she would otherwise have had access to. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><i>Common foreign policy<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ghana's membership of the African Union has helped her to
speak the same language Africa speaks on issues of concern to the African
nations. Ghana has ceased to be a stand-alone country struggling to survive
against the rest of the world. Ghana is able to adopt a common foreign policy
with the rest of Africa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><i><b>Closer ties with Africa<o:p></o:p></b></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ghana’s membership of the African Union has helped to cement
her relationship with the other member states of the Union.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>SAMPLE QUESTION(S)</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. What five benefits does Ghana hope to receive from her
membership of the African Union?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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The benefits Ghana derives from her membership of the African Union

BENEFITS GHANA DERIVES FROM HER MEMBERSHIP OF THE AFRICAN UNION Financial assistance One of the benefits Ghana enjoys from her ...

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Posted by Chester Morton / Thursday, 22 September 2016 / No comments

The features of the Commonwealth of Nations

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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">THE
COMMONWEALTH OF NATIONS</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Introduction</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
Commonwealth was traditionally made up of Britain and her former colonies but
today there are members of the commonwealth, like Rwanda and Mozambique, who
were not former colonies of Britain. In its current form the Commonwealth can
be described as an association of independent countries who have freely come
together to cooperate among each other for the benefit of their citizens.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">FEATURES
OF THE COMMONWEALTH</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Queen
as Head of Commonwealth</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">One
of the main features of the Commonwealth of Nations is that the Queen of
England was made the head of the organization and still remains so. When the
British colonies attained independence, many of them retained the Queen of
England as their Heads of State until they attained republican status.</span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Biennial
Summit</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Another
major feature of the Commonwealth is the summit that is held by the
organization every two years to discuss matters of importance to member states.
These summits are attended by Heads of Government of member countries. </span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Common
Official Language</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">One
of the features of the commonwealth is that the members speak a common
language. All the members, in exception of Rwanda and Mozambique, use English
as their official language. India, on the other hand later adopted Hindi to
replace the English language. </span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Common
Systems of Government</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Another
feature of the Commonwealth is their adoption of a common system of government.
After the attainment of independence, the member states that were former
colonies of Britain all adopted the parliamentary or the Cabinet system of
government that the British, their former colonial master were practicing. </span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Common
Educational Systems</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Another
feature is that the member states of Commonwealth of Nations have similar
educational systems. The educational system of each member state was modeled on
the educational system of the British.  </span></div>
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Common
Legal System</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
members of the Commonwealth also adopted the British legal systems. If one went
to a court in any member country of the Commonwealth, the procedures are not
different from the procedures adopted by any other member of the Commonwealth,
maybe only in those member states that were not originally colonies of Britain.
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<b><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Exchange
of High Commissioners</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">One
other significant feature of the Commonwealth is that when member states
exchange ambassadors as is done between any other two sovereign countries, the
appointees are not designated as ambassadors. In the Commonwealth, they are
referred to as High Commissioners. The functions they perform as High
Commissioners are not however, substantially different from those performed by
ambassadors.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">SAMPLE QUESTIONS</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span>1. Highlight six problems that are faced by the
Commonwealth of Nations.</div>
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<a href="http://www.virtualkollage.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"><<Back to Home Page</a> </div>
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<a href="http://virtualkollage.blogspot.com/p/government_30.html" target="_blank">Go to other topics in government>></a> </div>
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<a href="http://virtualkollage.blogspot.com/p/list-of-subjects.html" target="_blank">Go to the list of subjects>></a> </div>
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The features of the Commonwealth of Nations

THE COMMONWEALTH OF NATIONS Introduction The Commonwealth was traditionally made up of Britain and her former colonies but toda...

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Posted by Chester Morton / Wednesday, 21 September 2016 / No comments

How to ensure Judicial Independence in a country

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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE</b></div>
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Judicial independence refers
to a situation where judges are allowed to do their work without any fear of interference
from any of the other arms of government or from any quarters whatsoever. By
their independence, it is meant that they ensure impartiality in the
administration of justice. </div>
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<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">                           </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">HOW TO ENSURE THE INDEPENDENCE OF THE JUDICIARY</b></div>
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<b><i>How judges are recruited</i></b></div>
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One of the ways of ensuring
judicial independence is the way the judges are recruited and appointed.
Normally, the judges are appointed by the executive arm of government but under
the recommendation of an independent body such as Judicial Council.</div>
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<b><i>Immunity of prosecution</i></b></div>
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Another means by which the
independence of the judiciary is ensured is to give them immunity from
prosecution for acts committed in the process of carrying out their assigned
functions. In other words, the judges can never suffer any punishment for any
judgment given as they play their assigned role of administering justice.</div>
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<b><i>Political neutrality</i></b></div>
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Another way of ensuring
judicial independence is to make them politically neutral. The judges must be
barred from taking part in partisan politics. They must not be allowed to make any
comment or comment that may be deemed to political in any sense or by any
stretch of imagination. </div>
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<b><i>Tenure of office</i></b></div>
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To ensure that the judiciary
is independence, the judges must enjoy a secure tenure of office. This means
that the judges hold their job for as long as they capable of performing without
being fired. The only time they can be prevented from doing their job is when
they have reached their retirement age, or where they conduct themselves in a
way that bring their office into disrepute or when they fall sick to the extent
that they are incapable to functioning in their office.</div>
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<b><i>Attractive remuneration </i></b></div>
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Again, to ensure the
independence of the judiciary, their salaries and allowances must be so attractive
that they are not attracted to take bribes. Their salaries can never be varies
downward. If their salary and allowances must be varied, they can only be
varied upward. They must also be allowed to retire on their salary. In other
words, when judges retire, they must continue to take their salaries as
pension.</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Salaries charged on the
Consolidated Fund</i></b></div>
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Finally, to ensure the
independence of the judiciary, their salaries and emoluments must be charged to
the Consolidated Fund. This ensures a continual flow and payment cannot be truncated
for lack of funds.</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SAMPLE QUESTIONS</b></div>
<div style="line-height: 12.7pt; text-align: justify;">
1. a. What is Judiciary Independence?</div>
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    b. Outline
five ways in the judiciary can be made independent.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 12.7pt; text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://www.virtualkollage.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"><<Back to Home Page</a> </div>
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<a href="http://virtualkollage.blogspot.com/p/government_30.html" target="_blank">Go to other topics in government>></a> </div>
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<a href="http://virtualkollage.blogspot.com/p/list-of-subjects.html" target="_blank">Go to the List of subjects>></a> </div>
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<br /></div>

How to ensure Judicial Independence in a country

JUDICIAL INDEPENDENCE Judicial independence refers to a situation where judges are allowed to do their work without any fear of i...

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Posted by Chester Morton / Tuesday, 20 September 2016 / No comments

The problems of the judiciary

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<b>THE JUDICIARY</b></div>
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<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Definition<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">         </span></i></b></div>
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The judiciary can be defined
as the third arm of government after the executive and the legislature. </div>
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<b>PROBLEMS OF THE JUDICIARY</b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Poor salary</i></b></div>
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One of the problems of the
judiciary is poor conditions of service. It has been established that the
condition of service of the judiciary in, especially in developing countries is
nothing to write home about. The unattractive nature of the judiciary is the
reason why many qualified but experienced lawyers have refused calls to the
bench and remained in private practice.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><i>Corruption</i></b></div>
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It is widely perceived that
the judiciary is full of corrupt practices. In a recent expose of the judiciary
in Ghana, many judges and court officials were caught on tape taking bribes,
scheming to take bribes or having sex in exchange for favourable judgment.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Congestion in the
court</i></b></div>
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Many of the courts are choked
with criminal and civil cases. Some of these cases have been pending for so
long that some of the players in the case have lost interest in the cases. This
is attributed to the snail pace at which the court cases proceed.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Poor infrastructure</i></b></div>
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Many court buildings are in a
bad state, the infrastructure are not suitable for occupation by court
officials. In some remote areas, Magistrates are unable to sit when it rains
because the roofs leak.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Low funding</i></b></div>
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Another problem of the judiciary
is the poor allocation of the resources to the judiciary. The judiciary is not
adequately resourced. As a result of this inadequate funding, the judiciary is
not able function as well as they should. The judiciary could do with some
modern gadgets to speed up work but this is lacking in many courts.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Political
interference </i></b></div>
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Another problem of the judiciary
is that some judges are influenced by political players and other power players
within the state structure. The judiciary is therefore not able to properly
function as they should ordinarily do. A politician could take a telephone and intervene
in a case before a magistrate or a judge. </div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">SAMPLE QUESTIONS</b></div>
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1. a. Define the term
judiciary.</div>
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    b. Which
five problems are faced by the judiciary in your country?</div>
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<br /></div>
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2. Highlight six problems
faced by the judiciary.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 12.7pt; text-align: justify;">
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<a href="http://virtualkollage.blogspot.com/p/list-of-subjects.html" target="_blank">Go to the list of subjects>></a> </div>

The problems of the judiciary

THE JUDICIARY Definition The judiciary can be defined as the third arm of government after the executive and the legis...

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Posted by Chester Morton / Saturday, 10 September 2016 / No comments

The privileges, responsibilities and limitations of citizens and subjects in French West Africa

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<b>CITIZENS AND SUBJECTS IN FRENCH WEST AFRICA  </b><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Introduction Citizen </span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
 French classified the Africans who lived in the overseas territories 
into citizens and subjects. Anybody who was born in the four Communes of
 Dakar, St. Louis, Goree and Rufisque in Senegal, were regarded as 
automatic French citizens. The rest who were born outside the four 
Communes of Senegal and the rest of French West Africa, were considered 
as subjects. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">PRIVILEGES OF
CITIZENS</span></b><br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Automatic citizens</span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Those who were born in the four communes of
Senegal - Dakar, St. Louis, Goree and Rufisque, automatically became French
citizens but those who were born outside the communes had to work towards getting French citizenship conferred on them. </span></div>
</div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Electoral rights</span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
 citizens could exercise the franchise that was available to the French 
citizens, so they voted and were voted for. They were allowed to join 
any political party in France.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Right to work</span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Any
 citizen who had the required qualification was allowed to work in the 
metropolis. The citizens had access to the top notch schools in the 
French West Africa. </span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Conjugal rights</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
 citizens who fell in love with any white folk was allowed to marry that
 French national. There were no existing laws stopping them from doing 
so.</span></div>
<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Exemption from ‘indigenat’</span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Under
 the 'Indigenat' a French Administrator had the power to sentence an 
African to up to two years in jail without trial for some category of 
offenses. This did not apply to the citizens.</span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><b><i>Exempted forced labour </i></b></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Every
 subject who was between the ages of eighteen and fifty was required to 
offer free labour to the French authorities either on construction work 
or on a plantation. The citizens were exempted.</span></div>
<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Legal rights</span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">French
 law applied to all citizens. In other words, an African French citizen 
could sue and be sued in a French court. When that happened, it was the 
French judicial jurisprudence that was applied. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">LIMITATIONS OF
SUBJECTS</span></b><br />
<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Subject to ‘indigenat’</span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Under
 the 'Indigenat' a French Administrator had the power to sentence an 
African to up to two years in jail without trial for some category of 
offenses. This was the plight of only the subjects. It did not apply to the citizens. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Location </span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As
 mentioned earlier, the citizens lived in the four communes of Dakar, 
St. Louis, Goree and Rufisque. The subjects were now allowed to anywhere
 near these four communes. They were made to live outside the four 
communes. </span><br />
<br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><i><b>Denied the right to education</b></i> </span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
 French kept a tight grip on who was educated in the territories. The 
citizens had the best of education but the was denied the subjects. As a
 result, the subjects could not speak the French language, at least not 
properly.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Denied the right to vote</span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
 subjects were not allowed to vote or to be voted for like the citizens.
 They were denied the right to freedom of speech and the right to 
participate in the administration of the territory, let alone to be 
represented in the French Chamber of Deputies as was the case for the 
citizens. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Payment of taxes</span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">While
 the citizens' taxes were calculated on how much they earned, the taxes 
of the subjects were not calculated based on their income, they were 
just given a figure to pay and this was based on the discretion of the 
French authorities. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Access to higher positions</span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">As
 a result of the fact that the subjects could attain any substantial 
height in education, they could not be appointed to serve in the upper 
echelons of the French Civil Service.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
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The privileges, responsibilities and limitations of citizens and subjects in French West Africa

CITIZENS AND SUBJECTS IN FRENCH WEST AFRICA Introduction Citizen The French classified the Africans who lived in the overseas terr...

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Posted by Chester Morton / Tuesday, 6 September 2016 / No comments

The comparison between the chiefs in French and British systems of administration in West Africa

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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><b>COMPARE CHIEFS IN FRENCH AND BRITISH COLONIAL WEST AFRICA</b></span></span><br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><b><i>Introduction</i></b></span></span><br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">In their administration of their colonies in West Africa, the French and the British employed the services of local chiefs. However, there are few differences between how the chiefs were used by the two colonial powers. The following are the similarities and the differences between how the two colonial powers operated.</span></span><br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><b>SIMILARITIES</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><b><i>Agents of tax collection</i></b></span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Both
 the British and the French colonialists used taxes that they collected 
within the territories to run the administration of their overseas 
colonial lands. The two also used the local chiefs to collect the taxes.
 The underlying principle was that money for administering the colony 
must come from the colony itself.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><b><i>Chiefs lost their former power and prestige</i></b></span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
 chiefs in both French and British colonial West Africa lost their power
 under colonial rule. It was the colonial authorities that called the 
shots and the chiefs had to carry out their directives. For this reason,
 the usual clout they had before the white came was destroyed. </span><br />
<br />
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><i><b>The dilemma of chiefs</b></i></span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
 modus operandi of the colonialists in both the French and the British 
colonial officials in the territories put the chiefs in a fix. On the 
one hand, they had to fulfill the job requirement given them by the 
colonial officials and the other, they desired to please their subjects.
 It was so difficult to keep such a delicate balance and therefore they 
were kept in a permanent dilemma.</span></div>
</div>
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<br />
<img alt="French, Colony, Colonial, City, Landmark" src="https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2015/08/27/09/06/french-909693__340.jpg" /></div>
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<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><b>DIFFERENCES</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><b><i>Appointment of chiefs</i></b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">It
 was true that both the British and the French used
chiefs in their colonial administration. However, the difference was 
that the British used only those who qualified to be chiefs according to
 the tradition of the people.  The French, on the other hand, appointed 
their own chiefs, disregarding the laid down ascension to the seat.The 
French appointed just anybody they felt was loyal to them. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><b><i>Freedom to operate</i></b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In
 the doing of the actual work of the chiefs, the British gave more 
freedom to the chiefs in their territory than the French did. The 
British ensured that the traditional powers of the chiefs to act 
remained intact. The French, on the hand, clipped the wings of the 
chiefs to the extent where they were just puppets in the hands of the 
French authorities.</span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><b><i>Respect for chiefs by colonial masters</i></b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
 chiefs in British West Africa respected as partners in the total 
administration of the  colonies but this was not the case for the chiefs
 in French overseas territories. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><i><b>Alteration of traditional land boundaries</b></i></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
 French did not recognize the traditional boundaries that existed before
 the white man entered West Africa. The traditional demarcations were 
disregarded. The British on the other respected the traditional 
boundaries of the various paramountcies and chiefdoms.  </span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><b><i>Pitching the chiefs against the educated elite</i></b></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">The
 British used the chiefs against the educated elite by giving more 
recognition and role to play in the colonial administration, ignoring 
the elite. In French West Africa, it was the other way round. The 
educated elite enjoyed a lot of rights and privileges at the detriment 
of the subjects.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;"><b>SAMPLE QUESTION(S)</b></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Highlight three differences and three similarities between the chiefs in French and British colonial Africa.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">2. Highlight six differences between the handling of chiefs in French and British colonial West Africa.</span><br />
<br />
<b>ALSO READ:</b><br /><a href="https://www.virtualkollage.com/2016/09/similarities-and-differences-between-the-britis-and-french-system-of-colonial-administration.html" target="_blank">The comparison between the chiefs in French and British systems of administration in West Africa</a><br />
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://www.virtualkollage.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"><<Back to Home Page</a> </span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://virtualkollage.blogspot.com/p/government_30.html" target="_blank">Go to other topics in government>></a> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><a href="http://virtualkollage.blogspot.com/p/list-of-subjects.html" target="_blank">Go to the list of subjects>></a> </span></div>

The comparison between the chiefs in French and British systems of administration in West Africa

COMPARE CHIEFS IN FRENCH AND BRITISH COLONIAL WEST AFRICA Introduction In their administration of their colonies in West Africa, the...

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The comparison between the chiefs in French and British systems of administration in West Africa

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